69
DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO
EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (Theobroma
cacao) DE CINCO FINCAS UBICADAS EN LA
VÍA SANTO DOMINGO - ESMERALDAS,
MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA
DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA
CON HORNO DE GRAFITO
DETERMINATION OF CADMIUMIN THE COCOA (Theobroma
cacao) ALMONDCROP OF FIVE FARMS ON THE ROAD SANTO DO-
MINGO - ESMERALDAS, BY ATOMIC ABSORPTIONSPECTROPHO-
TOMETRY WITH GRAPHITE FURNACE
Sofía Acosta L. & Pablo Pozo P.
Palabras claves: ;9<EAG;9;9G9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9@GJFG<=?J9>ALG
Key words: ;9<EAME;G;G99LGEA;9:KGJHLAGF?J9H@AL=>MJF9;=
RESUMEN
F=DHJ=K=FL==KLM<AGK=<=L=JEAF[D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9
<=;9;9GTheobroma cacao<=;AF;G>AF;9KM:A;9<9K9DGD9J?G<=D9NY9.9FLG
GEAF?Gi KE=J9D<9K=FD9HJGNAF;A9<=.9FLGGEAF?G<=DGK/KV;@AD9K.=
9F9DAR[MFLGL9D<=EM=KLJ9KIM=>M=JGFLGE9<9K<=HMFLGK<=EM=KLJ=G
1 +GFLA>A;A90FAN=JKA<9<9L[DA;9<=D ;M9<GJ!9;MDL9<<=A=F;A9K P9;L9KQ)9LMJ9D=K K;M=D9<=A=F;A9K
,MYEA;9K,MALG ;M9<GJKG>A9H9;GKL9D@GLE9AD;GEH=HGRGHM;==<M=;
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 69
=F;9<9MF9<=D9K>AF;9KE=<A9FL=D9LX;FA;9AFKLJME=FL9D<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[
EA;99;GHD9<9;GF@GJFG<=?J9>ALG=;9<9MF9<=D9KE9RGJ;9K<=;9;9G
D99DE=F<J9>M=K=;9<9;9D;AF9<9QKGE=LA<99MF9<A?=KLA[FV;A<9H9J99F9
DAR9J;9<EAG=F=D=IMAHG<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9;GF@GJFG<=?J9>ALG'GKJ=
KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GKH=JEAL=F;GF;DMAJIM==DHJGE=<AG<=DGK<9LGK<=DGK
9FVDAKAK<=D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G<=LG<9KD9K
EM=KLJ9K=KE?C?DG;M9DAF<A;9IM=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=K
N=;=KEVK9DL9<=DGH=JEALA<GIM=;GJJ=KHGF<=9E?C?K=?]F/.-
<=EVK=FD9>AF;9D9KHJAE=J9KEM=KLJ9K<=9DE=F<J9<=;9;9G
HGK==F;9<EAG=FMF9;GF;=FLJ9;A[FE=FGJ9DDYEAL=H=JEAKA:D=E=F;AGF9<G
9FL=JAGJE=FL==DGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GKK=<=<M;=IM=D9KE9RGJ;9K<=
;9;9GIM=K==KLVF;GK=;@9F<G=FD9K>AF;9K=KLM<A9<9KFGHG<JY9FK=J=PHGJ
L9<9KQ9IM=FG;MEHD=F;GFD9K=PA?=F;A9K<=;9DA<9<HJGHM=KL9K=F;M9FLG
9DDYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEAKA:D=<=;9<EAGHJ=K=FL==FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G
ABSTRACT
$FL@AKKLM<QL@=;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>;9<EAMEAFL@=;9;9GTheobroma cacao
:=9FKO9K<=L=JEAF=<>JGE>AN=>9JEKDG;9L=<9DGF?L@=.9FLGGEAF?Gi K
E=J9D<9K@A?@O9QAF.9FLGGEAF?G<=DGK/KV;@AD9KLGL9DG>K9EHD=K
O=J=9F9DQR=<AFL@AKKLM<QL@=K9EHD=KO=J=L9C=F>JGEK9EHDAF?HGAFLK
AF=9;@G>L@=>AN=>9JEK/@=AFKLJME=FL9DL=;@FAIM=MK=<AFL@AKKLM<QO9K9LG
EA;9:KGJHLAGF;GE:AF=<OAL@9?J9H@AL=>MJF9;=G;G99DEGF<KHG<KO=J=
<JA=<;9D;AF=<9F<=PHGK=<LG9;A<<A?=KLAGFAFGJ<=JLG9F9DQR=;9<EAME
L@JGM?@9LGEA;9:KGJHLAGFOAL@L@=?J9H@AL=>MJF9;==IMAHE=FL/@=J=KMDLKG>
L@AKKLM<QK@GOL@9LL@=9N=J9?=;9<EAME;GFL=FLAFL@=;G;G9:=9FKG>9DD
K9EHD=KAKE?C?/@AKAF<A;9L=KL@9LL@=;9<EAME;GF;=FLJ9LAGFAKKAP
LAE=K9:GN=L@=9DDGO=<O@A;@AKE?C?/.-#GO=N=JAFL@=
>AJKLK9EHD=K>GJEL@=>9JEL@=;9<EAME;GF;=FLJ9LAGFO9K:=DGOL@=
H=JEAKKA:D=DAEAL!JGEL@=J=KMDLKG:L9AF=<ALAK<=<M;L=<L@9LL@=;G;G9HG<K
L@9L9J=:=AF?@9JN=KL=<AFL@=K=>9JEK;GMD<FGL:==PHGJL=<KAF;=L@=Q<G
FGLE==LL@=J=IMAJ=E=FLKJ=?9J<AF?L@=E9PAEMEH=JEALL=<;9<EAMEAFL@=
;G;G9:=9FK
70
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 70
INTRODUCCIÓN
D;9;9GK==F;M=FLJ9YFLAE9E=FL=
DA?9<G9D ;M9<GJHGJKM@AKLGJA9HGJ
KM=;GFGEY9HGJD9HGDYLA;9QHGJKM
KG;A=<9<'9HJG<M;;A[F;9;9GL=J9
@9 G;MH9<G?J9FH9JL=<=D9RGF9
9?JY;GD9<=DH9YK
D ;M9<GJK=;9J9;L=JAR9HGJHGK==J
MF;9;9G<=9JGE99?J9<9:D=;GFG
;A<G;GEGj9;9GJJA:9k=DEAKEG
IM=@9KA<G=PHGJL9<G9N9JAGKH9Y
K=K+=JG<=:A<G9D9;GFL9EAF9;A[F
;GF ;9<EAG =F D9 9DE=F<J9 <=
;9;9G ;A=JL9K =PHGJL9;AGF=K @9F
KA<GJ=;@9R9<9K+GJ=KL=EGLANG=K
AEHGJL9FL=<=L=JEAF9JD9;GF;=FLJ9
;A[F<=;9<EAG<=D;9;9GIM=HJG
<M;=Q=PHGJL9 ;M9<GJ
KL==KLM<AG>M=J=9DAR9<G=F;AF;G
>AF;9K;9;9GL=J9KM:A;9<9K=FD9HJG
NAF;A9<=.9FLGGEAF?G<=DGK/KV
;@AD9K 9 DG D9J?G <= D9 NY9 .9FLG
GEAF?Gi KE=J9D<9K .= =K;G?A[
=KL9RGF9<=:A<G9D9HD=F9;GD9:G
J9;A[F<=DGKHJGHA=L9JAGK<=D9K>AF
;9K Q KM AFL=JXK HGJ ;GFG;=J DGK
FAN=D=K<=;9<EAG=FKMHJG<M;LG
FL=JAGJE=FL==D$FKLALMLG)9;AGF9D
ML[FGEG<=$FN=KLA?9;AGF=K?JG
H=;M9JA9K$)$+@9J=9DAR9<GMF9
K=JA=<=AFN=KLA?9;AGF=KKG:J=D9;GF
L9EAF9;A[F<=;9<EAG=F;9;9GFG
KGDG=FD99DE=F<J9KAFGL9E:AXF=F
GLJ9KH9JL=K<=D9HD9FL9H=JG=FD9
9;LM9DA<9<FGK=;M=FL9;GFAF>GJE9
;A[F9D?MF9HGJDG;M9D>M=F=;=K9JAG
;GFLAFM9J;GF=D=KLM<AG=F<GF<=K=
;MDLAN9;9;9G
*J?9FAR9;AGF=KAFL=JF9;AGF9D=K;G
EGD9/.-?=F;Q>GJ/GPA;.M:K
L9F;=KAK=9K=-=?AKLJQ@9FJ=9DA
R9<G N9JAGK =KLM<AGK 9;=J;9 <= D9
;GFL9EAF9;A[F ;GF ;9<EAG Q KM
=>=;LGH=JBM<A;A9DHGJDG;M9D=K<=
NANGAFL=JXK=D;GFG;=JD9;GF;=FLJ9
;A[F <=D EAKEG HJ=K=FL= =F =D
;9;9G
=:A<G9IM==D;9<EAG=KMFE=L9D
H=K9<G IM= K= =F;M=FLJ9 =F :9B9K
;GF;=FLJ9;AGF=KD9LX;FA;99F9DYLA;9
J=;GE=F<9<9H9J9;M9FLA>A;9J=KD9
<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9;GF@GJFG<=
?J9>ALGLX;FA;9IM=HGK==N=FL9B9K
;GEG ?J9F =KH=;A>A;A<9< 9EHDAG
;9EHG<=9HDA;9;A[F=P;=D=FL=K=F
KA:ADA<9<9H=IM=Z9K;GF;=FLJ9;AG
F=KJ9HA<=R=FD9<=L=JEAF9;A[FQ
?J9FK=D=;LANA<9<
71
DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (
Theobroma cacao
),
MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 71
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
Toma de muestra
.= J=9DAR[ E=<A9FL= EM=KLJ=G =F
;M9<J9FL=K=DEAKEGIM=;GFKAKL=
=FMFVJ=9>AB9<=>GJE9;M9<J9<9
MK9<9H9J9LGE9JKM:EM=KLJ9K<=MF
VJ=9E9QGJ<=9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=
@=;LVJ=9.VF;@=R
'9K;AF;G>AF;9KK==F;M=FLJ9F9DG
D9J?G<=D9NY9,MAFAF<X=FD9E9J
?=FARIMA=J<9<=D9;9JJ=L=J9AFL=JF9
K=LGE9JGF<A=RHMFLGK<=EM=KLJ=G
=F;9<9MF9<=D9K;AF;G>AF;9K;GF
=D >AF <= G:L=F=J MF LGL9D <= ;AF
;M=FL9EM=KLJ9K<=D99DE=F<J9<=
;9;9G
'9K>AF;9KQK==F;M=FLJ9FEVK
9D=B9<9K<=D9;9JJ=L=J9QD9K>AF;9K
Q=KLVFEVK;=J;99D9;9JJ=L=J9
+9J9EM=KLJ=9J=D?J9FG<=;9;9GG:
L=FA<G9LJ9NXK<=;M9<J9FL=KK=MLA
DAR[D9)GJE9/X;FA;9 ;M9LGJA9F9
)/ $) )j9;9G=F?J9FGk
Procedimiento
+9J9D9<A?=KLA[F<=D9KEM=KLJ9KK=
LGE[;GEGJ=>=J=F;A9=DEXLG<GG>A
;A9D<=D9*F]E=JG
IM==KMLADAR9<GH9J9D9<=L=JEAF9
;A[F<=HDGEG;9<EAG;G:J=@A=JJG
QRAF;=F9DAE=FLGKE=<A9FL==KH=;
LJG>GLGE=LJY9<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9
0FH9KGHJ=DAEAF9J<=?J9FAEHGJ
L9F;A9=KD9@GEG?=F=AR9;A[F<=D9
EM=KLJ9=KHMXK<=G:L=F=JD99D
E=F<J9<=;9;9GK=D9<ANA<==FN9
JAGK>J9?E=FLGK;GF=D>AF<=>9;ADAL9J
KMK=;9<G<=:A<G9KM9DLG;GFL=FA<G
<=?J9K9IM=HGK==K=H=K9=FLJ=
Q?J9EGK<=EM=KLJ9QK=;GDG;9
=FD9=KLM>99MF9L=EH=J9LMJ9<=
dg<MJ9FL=LG<9D9FG;@=
+GJ=DEXLG<G<=;M9JL=GK=<=B9D9
;9FLA<9< <= EM=KLJ9 K=;9 =F  ?
9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= FMF ;JAKGD <=
HGJ;=D9F9K=H=K99DJ=<=<GJ<=?
<=EM=KLJ9K=;9HJ=NAG9D9;9D;AF9
;A[FK=;GDG;9=D;JAKGD=FMF9HD9F
;@9<=;9D=FL9EA=FLG9MF9L=EH=
J9LMJ99HJGPAE9<9<=_;GF=D
>AF<==DAEAF9JD9?J9K9<=D9EM=KLJ9
QDM=?GK=HJG;=<=9;9D;AF9JD9
.=9Z9<=FE'<=#D;GF;=FLJ9<G
9D;JAKGDIM=;GFLA=F=D9EM=KLJ9;9D
;AF9<9;GFD9K=?MJA<9<IM=LG<G=D
;GFL=FA<G<=;=FAR9KK==F;M=FLJ=
72
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infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 72
RESULTADOS
= 9;M=J<G ;GF =D GFKGJ;AG <=
GFK=BGK +JGNAF;A9D=K <=D ;M9<GJ
*)*+ QD9.G;A=<9<D=E9F9
<= GGH=J9;A[F/X;FA;9 =D DYEAL=
EVPAEGH=JEAKA:D=<=;9<EAG=FD9
9DE=F<J9<=;9;9G=K<=E?C?
+J=NAG9D9FVDAKAK<=D9KEM=KLJ9KK=
J=9DAR[MF9K=JA=<=HJM=:9K;GF=D
>AF<=HG<=J<=L=JEAF9JD9J=;MH=J9
;A[F<=DEXLG<G KL9KHJM=:9K;GF
=F;GFL9;LG;GF=DV;A<G'M=?GK=
DD=N99K=IM=<9<=FMF9HD9F;@9<=
;9D=FL9EA=FLG DJ=KA<MGG:L=FA<G
K=<AKM=DN==FE'<=#)*

(.=;M:J==D;JAKGD;GFMF9L9H9Q
K=<=B9J=HGK9J<MJ9FL=<GK@GJ9K.=
>ADLJ9=D;GFL=FA<G<=D;JAKGDQ=D>AD
LJ9<GK=;GDG;9=FMF:9D[F<=
E'QK=9>GJ9;GF#)*
(
.=;GJJ=F:D9F;GK<=J=9;LANGK;9<9
EM=KLJ9K;GF=D>AF<=9K=?MJ9J
IM=FG=PAKL9;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=;9<
EAG9KY;GEGL9E:AXFEM=KLJ9KHGJ
<MHDA;9<GQ>GJLA>A;9;AGF=K<=E?'
9EM=KLJ9K<=;9;9GDE9L=JA9D<=
J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<GK=D=<9=DEAK
EGLJ9L9EA=FLGIM=9D9KEM=KLJ9K
.=HJ=H9J9MF9KGDM;A[F=KLVF<9J<=
 E?' 9 H9JLAJ <=D =KLVF<9J <=
;9<EAG<=E?''9;MJN9<=
;9DA:J9;A[FK=D9J=9DAR9E=<A9FL=D9K
KA?MA=FL=K;GF;=FLJ9;AGF=Ke?'
e?'Qe?'
.=;GF>AJE9FD9K;GF<A;AGF=KAFKLJM
E=FL9D=K<=GH=J9;A[F<=D=KH=;LJG
>GL[E=LJGK=N=JA>A;9=DF]E=JG<=
AFQ=;;AGF=KIM=@9J=;A:A<G=DLM:G
K=J=9DAR9MF9DAEHA=R9?=F=J9D<=D
@GJFG<=?J9>ALGQK=9DYF=9=D9MLG
EM=KLJ=9<GJ
.= <=L=JEAF9 D9 9:KGJ:9F;A9 <=D
:D9F;GQ<=DGK=KLVF<9J=KQK=;GFK
LJMQ=D9;MJN9<=;9DA:J9;A[FK=@9;=
MF9D=;LMJ9<=DGK:D9F;GK<=J=9;LA
NGKEM=KLJ9KE9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F;A9
Q>GJLA>A;9;AGF=K
Condiciones instrumentales
'9K;GF<A;AGF=KAFKLJME=FL9D=KMLADA
R9<9K>M=JGF
` #GJFG<=?J9>ALG
` 'VEH9J9<=<=K;9J?9
` 'GF?ALM<<=GF<9FE
` .DAL
73
DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (
Theobroma cacao
),
MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 73
KAKLA=JGF=FD9<A?=KLA[F<=D9EM=K
LJ9K<=;9;9GQE9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F;A9
;=JLA>A;9<G K=?]F DG IM= AF<A;9 =D
(XLG<G*>A;A9D<=D9)GJE9
<=D9*K=G:LMNA=JGF
9DLGK HGJ;=FL9B=K <= J=;MH=J9;A[F
'GKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GK<=D9D=;LMJ9
<=DE9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<G
.L9F<9J< -=>=J=F;= (9L=JA9D .-(
f j/GE9LG=K'=9N=Kk )$./ K=
HJ=K=FL9F=FD9/9:D9
/abla 1. Resultados obtenidos en la lectura del material de referencia certificado
MATERIAL DE REFERENCIA CERTIFICADO
Fecha Código Muestra Lectura Resultado Error Recuperación
(g) (µg/L) (mg/kg) (%) (%)
09/04/2009 MRC 0.9997 5.408 1.35 8.6 91.4
30/06/2009 MRC A 1.0112 8.280 1.64 5.0 95.0
30/06/2009 MRC A 1.0112 8.060 1.59 2.2 97.8
30/06/2009 MRC A 1.0112 7.187 1.42 4.0 96.0
=KHMXK<=D9D=;LMJ9<=D9;GF;=F
LJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=F=DE9L=JA9D<=
J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<GK=HM=<=;GF
>AJE9JIM==PAKL=FHGJ;=FL9B=K<=J=
;MH=J9;A[F =D=N9<GK E9QGJ=K <=D
Q;GFMFEVPAEG<=D
0F9N=RJ=9DAR9<GKDGK9FVDAKAK=FD9K
EM=KLJ9K<=D99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G
K=G:LMNA=JGFDGKJ=KMDL9<GKIM=K=
=F;M=FLJ9F=FD9/9:D9
GEGK=HM=<=G:K=JN9J=FD9/9:D9
=F;M9FLG9D9>AF;9D9KHJAE=J9K
;M9LJGEM=KLJ9KHGK==FMF9;GF;=F
LJ9;A[F<=;9<EAGE=FGJ9DDYEAL=<=
;M9FLA>A;9;A[F;GF=D;M9DK=LJ9:9B[
9<=EVKK=G:K=JN9IM=D9;GF;=F
LJ9;A[F <= ;9<EAG N9 9ME=FL9F<G
HJG?J=KAN9E=FL= Q D9 E9QGJY9 <=
EM=KLJ9KFG;MEHD=F;GFD9K=PA?=F
;A9K<=;9DA<9<
F;M9FLG9D9>AF;9KG:J=H9K9=D
DYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEALA<G<=;9<EAG
=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G9<=EVK
D9KEM=KLJ9KIM=>M=JGFLGE9<9K9
E9QGJ<AKL9F;A9<=D9;9JJ=L=J9HG
K==FE=FGJ;9FLA<9<<=;9<EAG
FD9>AF;9K=HM=<=G:K=JN9JIM=
DGKJ=KMDL9<GK<=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=
74
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infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 74
cadmio son bajos en comparación
con las otras fincas, Tabla 2, sin em-
bargo, la cantidad de cadmio encon-
trada en las muestras supera los
límites permitidos. Hay que conside-
rar que esta finca se encuentra más
alejada de la carretera.
Tabla 2. Resultados de la determinación de cadmio en la almendra de cacao
en diez muestras de la finca 1 a la 5, el 30/06/2009
Finca Código M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
m
20.012 20.007 20.000 20.012 20.012 20.006 20.009 20.009 19.997 20.002
(g)
1
Lectura
0.827 1.187 –1.874 –1.645 9.260 4.746 5.129 5.389 8.721 9.746
(µg/L)
Resultado
<L.C. <L.C. <L.C. <L.C. 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.44 0.49
(mg/kg)
m
19.996 20.010 20.000 20.007 20.004 20.007 20.005 20.006 20.024 19.995
(g)
2
Lectura)
7.299 7.668 9.168 8.977 8.899 4.696 9.193 9.828 9.112 9.865
(µg/L
Resultado
0.18 0.19 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.25
(mg/kg)
m
19.998 20.008 19.996 20.005 20.010 20.009 20.012 20.002 20.008 20.007
(g)
3
Lectura
4.464 4.916 6.760 7.059 8.448 9.288 9.336 9.845 6.874 7.638
(µg/L)
Resultado
0.11 0.12 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.34 0.38
(mg/kg)
m
20.008 20.010 19.997 19.997 20.009 20.007 20.002 20.005 19.999 20.007
(g)
4
Lectura
5.305 6.336 8.486 4.178 4.320 4.550 5.436 5.714 7.172 6.854
(µg/L)
Resultado
0.13 0.16 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.27 0.29 0.36 0.34
(mg/kg)
m
20.005 20.003 20.005 20.007 20.008 20.004 20.003 20.007 20.009 20.008
(g)
5
Lectura
4.012 4.135 3.869 5.935 8.482 8.690 8.699 8.796 7.683 7.893
(µg/L)
Resultado
0.4 0.41 0.48 0.59 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.96 0.99
(mg/kg)
En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos
en la finca 4, se puede afirmar, que
sí existe contaminación con cadmio
en la almendra de cacao. Igual-
75
DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (
Theobroma cacao
),
MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 10:29 Página 75
Gráfico 1: Valores promedio de la concentración de cadmio
en cacao (mg/kg) de cada una de las fincas
D"JV>A;GAF<A;9IM=D9;GF;=F
LJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=FD9KHJAE=J9K
>AF;9K =K E=FGJ =F ;GEH9J9;A[F
;GFD9IMAFL9>AF;9H=JG LG<9KK=
=F;M=FLJ9FKG:J=DGKDYEAL=K<=;9<
EAGH=JEALA<GK
KAEHGJL9FL=E=F;AGF9JIM=K=J=9
DAR9JGF<MHDA;9<GK<=9D?MF9KEM=K
LJ9K=K<=;AJIM=K=LJ9:9B[=F;GF<A
;AGF=K<=J=HJG<M;A:ADA<9<H9J99K=
?MJ9JD9;9DA<9<<=D9HJ=H9J9;A[F<=
D9EM=KLJ9EA=FLJ9KIM=;GFGLJ9K
EM=KLJ9KK=LJ9:9B[=F;GF<A;AGF=K<=
J=H=LALANA<9<H9J99K=?MJ9J=D:M=F
>MF;AGF9EA=FLG<=D=IMAHGH9J9DG
;M9DK=9;=HL[MF=JJGJEVPAEG<=D
=FLJ=DGK<GK<9LGKG:L=FA<GK
E=FL=K=HGF=<=E9FA>A=KLG=D9M
E=FLG=FD9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<
EAG<=D9EM=KLJ99D9EM=KLJ9
'GKJ=KMDL9<GK<=D9>AF;9=FD9
/9:D9AF<A;9FIM==KD9>AF;9IM=
HGK==MF9E9QGJ;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=
;9<EAG;GEGK=9HJ=;A9=F=D?JV
>A;G=K<=;AJD9>AF;9HGK===F
N9DGJHJGE=<AG<=D9KEM=KLJ9K9F9
DAR9<9KE9QGJ;9FLA<9<<=;9<EAG
=F D9 9DE=F<J9 K= <=:= L=F=J =F
;GFKA<=J9;A[FIM= =K D9 >AF;9 EVK
;=J;9F99D9;9JJ=L=J9.LGGEAF
?Gi KE=J9D<9K
76
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 76
Tabla 3: Resultados de las fortificaciones de las muestras de cacao
FORTIFICACIONES
Fecha Código Volumen Peso Dilución Lectura Resultado Error Observaciones
Aforo Muestra (µg/L) (mg/kg) (%)
(mL) (g)
17/03/2009 C* Cd (Fortificada
50 2.0006 400 4.756 1.90 4.88 %Recupera-
2 mg/L)
ción= 95.10
18/03/2009 C* Cd (Fortificada
50 2.0006 400 4.756 1.90 4.88 %Recupera
2 mg/L
) ción = 95.10
9;9G
'9/9:D9AF<A;9IM==DHGJ;=FL9B=
<=J=;MH=J9;A[F=KE9QGJ9DDG
;M9D;GF>AJE9IM=DGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:
L=FA<GKKGF;GF>A9:D=K
+9J9HG<=J;GEH9J9JDGKJ=KMDL9<GK
G:L=FA<GKK=F=;=KAL9G:K=JN9J=DKA
?MA=FL=?JV>A;G
Gráfico 2: Comparación de resultados del análisis de Cd de la finca 1 a la 5
.=J=9DAR9JGF>GJLA>A;9;AGF=K9EM=K
LJ9K<=;9;9G;GF=D>AF<=;GFG;=J
D9J=;MH=J9;A[F<=DEXLG<G=K<=;AJ
KAD9<A?=KLA[F9HDA;9<9QD9K;GF<A
;AGF=K=KH=;LJG>GLGEXLJA;9KKGF;G
JJ=;L9K;GFLAFM9;A[FK=HJ=K=FL9F
DGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GK<=D9K>GJLA
>A;9;AGF=K
77
DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (
Theobroma cacao
),
MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 77
DISCUSIÓN
D ;M9<GJ=K;GFKA<=J9<G;GEGMF
AEHGJL9FL=HJG<M;LGJ<=;9;9G<=
:A<G9D9K;9J9;L=JYKLA;9K]FA;9KIM=
=KL=HGK==HGJDG;M9D=K<=?J9FAF
L=JXK;GFG;=JKA=PAKL=F;GFL9EAF9F
L=K ;GEG =D ;9<EAG D HJGQ=;LG
j=L=JEAF9;A[F<=E=L9D=K;GFL9EA
F9FL=K=F;MDLANGK<==PHGJL9;A[FQ
KMJ=H=J;MKA[FKG:J=D9;9DA<9<<=
DGKEAKEGKk=B=;ML9<GHGJ=D$)$+
KL9;A[F/JGHA;9D+A;@ADAF?M=
J=9DAR[D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=D9;GF
;=FLJ9;A[F<=+:<Q5F=FRGF9K
9?JY;GD9K<=AFL=JXK=;GF[EA;GQD9
N9JA9;A[F =F D9K RGF9K ;GF JA=K?G
;GF=DMKG<==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9<=
9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9<=DD9E9'GKJ=
KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GKAF<A;9JGFIM=DGK
;MDLANGK<=;9;9G Q:9F9FGK==F
;M=FLJ9FE9QGJE=FL=9>=;L9<GKHGJ
D9;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=E=L9D=KH=K9
<GK'GK9FVDAKAK<=;9<EAGK=J=9DA
R9JGF =F =D L9DDG @GB9K ;VK;9J9
9DE=F<J9QE9?M=QQK==F;GFLJ[
IM==DL9DDGL=FY9E9QGJ;GF;=FLJ9
;A[F<=;9<EAG
FD9j$FN=KLA?9;A[FKG:J==D;GFL=
FA<G<=;9<EAG=F9D?MFGK9DAE=FLGK
<=D9<A=L9=;M9LGJA9F9kK=G:K=JN9
IM=D9LX;FA;9MLADAR9<9H9J9D9;M9F
LA>A;9;A[F=KD9<==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9
<= 9:KGJ;A[F 9L[EA;9<= DD9E9 DG
;M9DAF<A;9IM==KMF9LX;FA;9EMQ
=P9;L9QK=FKA:D=H9J9:9B9K;GF;=F
LJ9;AGF=K+9D9;AGK
.=HM=<=G:K=JN9J=F=D"JV>A;G=F
DGIM=;GJJ=KHGF<=9D9>AF;9IM=
DGKN9DGJ=K<=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=<
=FD9K;M9LJGHJAE=J9KEM=KLJ9K=KLVF
:9BGQ=F=DDYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEA
LA<G<=:A<G9IM=DGKN9DGJ=KKGFAF
>=JAGJ=K9DDYEAL=<=;M9FLA>A;9;A[F
'GKN9DGJ=K<=;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=<
N9F9ME=FL9F<G<=D9EM=KLJ9=F
9<=D9FL= ;GF>GJE= D9 ;=J;9FY9 <=D
HMFLG<=EM=KLJ=G9D9;9JJ=L=J9AF
L=JF9 DN9DGJHJGE=<AG<=D9;GF
;=FLJ9;A[F<=<=FD99DE=F<J9<=
;9;9G=F=KL9>AF;9=K<=E?&?
F;M9FLG9D9>AF;9QK=G:
K=JN9IM=LG<GKDGKJ=KMDL9<GKKG:J=
H9K9F 9D EVPAEG H=JEAKA:D= <=
;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9GQ=D
N9DGJHJGE=<AG<=D9K;GF;=FLJ9;AG
F=K <= ;9<EAG =F D9 9DE=F<J9 <=
;9;9G=K<=E?&?H9J9D9>AF;9
QE?&?H9J9D9>AF;9Q
E?&?H9J9D9>AF;9IM==KD9
<=E9QGJ;GFL9EAF9;A[F
78
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 78
CONCLUSIONES
'9 ;GF;=FLJ9;A[F <= ;9<EAG HJ=
K=FL==FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G<=D
<=D9KEM=KLJ9K9F9DAR9<9KKG
:J=H9K9=DDYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEAKA:D=
=KL9:D=;A<GHGJ=D*)*+ IM=
;GJJ=KHGF<=9E?C?
DHJGE=<AG<=DGKJ=KMDL9<GK<=DGK
9FVDAKAK<=D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=;9<
EAG =F D9 9DE=F<J9 <= ;9;9G <=
LG<9KD9KEM=KLJ9K=K<=E?C?
DG;M9DAF<A;9IM=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F
<=;9<EAG=KN=;=KEVK9DL9<=DG
=KL9:D=;A<GHGJ=D*)*+ 
.=?]FD9K=KA[F)g<=DG<=PDA
E=FL9JAMKJ=9DAR9<9=F=D9ZG
=DFAN=DLYHA;G<=;9<EAG=FGD=9?A
FGK9KQD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9GN9<=
9E?C?DG;M9DAF<A;9IM==D
GFDGE=F;AGF9<G9FL=JAGJE=FL=
K= HM=<= ;GF>AJE9J IM= D9 LX;FA;9
9F9DYLA;9<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9BMFLG
;GFD9D=;LMJ9<=E9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F
;A9QD9D=;LMJ9<=>GJLA>A;9;AGF=KHJG
HGJ;AGF9FJ=KMDL9<GK;GF>A9:D=K
DGFKGJ;AG<=GFK=BGK+JGNAF;A9
D=K<=D ;M9<GJ*)*+ QD9.G
;A=<9< D=E9F9 <= GGH=J9;A[F
/X;FA;9=FKM9JLY;MDGjMDLANG*J?V
FA;G <= 9;9Gk AF<A;9F IM= D9
HD9FL9<=;9;9G9:KGJ:=DA?=J9E=FL=
DGKE=L9D=KH=K9<GKIM=K==F;M=F
LJ9F=FDGKKM=DGKQDGK;GF;=FLJ9=F
D9KK=EADD9K<=EVKK=Z9D9IM=D9K
HJAE=J9KAFN=KLA?9;AGF=KKAKL=EVLA;9K
KG:J= =D ;GFL=FA<G <= ;9<EAG =F
;9;9GQHJG<M;LGK<=;9;9GK=J=9DA
R9JGF=F'9KAFN=KLA?9;AGF=K
<=D9ZGHJGHGJ;AGF9FJ=KMDL9
<GKIM=N9F<=K<=9E?C?
H9J9N9JA=<9<=K<=;GFKMEGHJGN=
FA=FL=K <= J9KAD 9@Y9 "@9F9
GKL9<=(9J>AD9E=J]FQ)A?=JA9
F9D?MF9KN9JA=<9<=K>AF9KDGKJ=KMD
L9<GKGK;AD9F=FLJ=QHHE
=F"J9F9<AF9(9D9KA9/JAFA<9<1=
F=RM=D9 Q ;M9<GJ .G;A=<9< D=
E9F9
.=?]FDGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GK=F=D
=KLM<AG<=;9<EAG=F;9;9G<=D ;M9
<GJJ=9DAR9<GHGJ=D*)*+ QD9
.G;A=<9<D=E9F9 <=GGH=J9;A[F
/X;FA;9D9;9FLA<9<<=;9<EAG=FD9
9DE=F<J9<=;9;9G=KE9QGJ=F;GE
H9J9;A[F;GFD9K;AF;G>AF;9K9F9DAR9
<9KQ9IM==FHJGE=<AGK=G:LMNG
MF9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=E?C?
79
DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (
Theobroma cacao
),
MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 79
RECOMENDACIONES
D ;M9<GJ =K MFG <= DGK E9QGJ=K
HJG<M;LGJ=K <= ;9;9G >AFG Q <=
9JGE9HGJDG;M9D=KMLADAR9<G=FD9
>9:JA;9;A[F <= ;@G;GD9L=K =K HGJ
=KL=EGLANGIM=K=<=:=E9FL=F=JMF
;GFLJGDKG:J=DGK;GFL9EAF9FL=KIM=
HM=<=F9>=;L9J9D;9;9GQ9IM=K=
HG<JY9:9B9JD9;9DA<9<<=DEAKEGQ
;GF=KLGD9K=PHGJL9;AGF=K
.=J=;GEA=F<9J=9DAR9JEVKAFN=KLA
?9;AGF=KKG:J=D9;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=
;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G=F
<A>=J=FL=KRGF9K=F<GF<==K;MDLA
N9<G<=:A<G9IM==KL==KMFHJG
<M;LG IM= HJGN== MF AF?J=KG
=;GF[EA;GKA?FA>A;9LANGH9J9=DH9YK
.=KM?A=J=J=<M;AJ=DLA=EHG<=<A
?=KLA[FE=<A9FL=D99HDA;9;A[F<=D9
=F=J?Y9<=EA;JGGF<9K;GF=D>AF<=
GHLAEAR9J=DH=JYG<GMLADAR9<G=FD9
HJ=H9J9;A[F<=D9EM=KLJ9
HJGE=<AG<= DGK J=KMDL9<GK;GJJ=K
HGF<A=FL=9E?C?=KLV<=FLJG
<=DGKDYEAL=KH=JEAKA:D=KAEHM=KLGK
HGJ=DG<=PDAE=FL9JAMK
'9K EM=KLJ9K IM= >M=JGF LGE9<9K
;=J;9<=D9;9JJ=L=J9AFL=JF9HGK==F
E9QGJ ;9FLA<9< <= ;9<EAG 
E?C?EA=FLJ9KIM=D9KEM=KLJ9KLG
E9<9K9E9QGJ<AKL9F;A9<==KL9HG
K==F E=FGJ ;9FLA<9< <= ;9<EAG
E?C? KLGHM=<=AF<A;9JIM=
=DEGNAEA=FLGN=@A;MD9JQD9;=J;9FY9
;GF=D9K>9DLG<=D9;9JJ=L=J9KA?FA>A
;9FMF>9;LGJ<=;GFL9EAF9;A[F
'9LX;FA;9<==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9<=
9:KGJ;A[F 9L[EA;9 9;GHD9<9 ;GF
@GJFG<=?J9>ALG=K;GF>A9:D=H9J9D9
<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=;9<EAGQ9IM=DGK
J=KMDL9<GK<=D9D=;LMJ9<=DE9L=JA9D
<=J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<GKGF9;=HL9
:D=K K= G:LA=F= MF EVPAEG <=
<=J=;MH=J9;A[F
'9KE9RGJ;9K<=;9;9GHJGN=FA=FL=K
<=D9K>AF;9K9F9DAR9<9KFGHG<JY9F
K=J=PHGJL9<9KQ9IM=FG;MEHD=F
;GFD9K=PA?=F;A9K<=;9DA<9<K=?]F
=D*)*+ QD9.G;A=<9<D=E9F9
<=GGH=J9;A[F/X;FA;9E?C?
QIM=<9JY9FH9J9=D;GFKMEGDG;9D
<GF<=FGK=F=;=KAL9<=L=JEAF9JD9
;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<EAGH9J9KM;G
E=J;A9DAR9;A[F
80
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 80
LITERATURA CITADA
/.-  9<EAG 9<EAME
@LLHOOO9LK<J;<;?GN=KH@K
=K8H@K@LED  <= >=:J=JG <=

=FLJ= >GJ ;GDG?A;9D .;A=F;=K $F<A9F
$FKLALML=G>.;A=F;=9F?9DGJ=9<
EAGOOO;=KAAK;=JF=LAF=F=J?Q
##' )1=FNKH1GD
=@LE;9<EAG@D=K;L;DFC
;<?D=;  <= >=:J=JG <=

@AJA:G?9 (9FM=D +A;;AFG -=F9LG
La producción campesina
cacaotera: Problemas y perspecti-
vas9=<A;A[F ;M9<GJ
G<=P9DAE=FL9JAMK;GEEAKKAGFG<=P
;GEEALL==GF>GG<9<<ALAN=K9F<
;GFL9EAF9FLK  AK;MKKAGF
H9H=JGF;9<EAME$L9DA9
"MAL9JL-'GKJ=KA<MGK<=E=L9
D=K=FDGK 9DAE=FLGK @LLHIMAJG
M9:=KLGP<=>=:J=JG<=
$)$+=L=JEAF9;A[F<=E=L9D=K;GFL9
EAF9FL=K =F ;MDLANGK <= =PHGJL9
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81
DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (
Theobroma cacao
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MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 81
cacao L.+JG<M;A<G=F=D ;M9<GJ
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infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
82
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 82