DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO

EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (Theobroma

cacao) DE CINCO FINCAS UBICADAS EN LA

VÍA SANTO DOMINGO - ESMERALDAS,

MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA

DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA

CON HORNO DE GRAFITO

DETERMINATION OF CADMIUMIN THE COCOA (Theobroma

cacao) ALMONDCROP OF FIVE FARMS ON THE ROAD SANTO DO-

MINGO - ESMERALDAS, BY ATOMIC ABSORPTIONSPECTROPHO-

TOMETRY WITH GRAPHITE FURNACE

Sofía Acosta L. & Pablo Pozo P.



Palabras claves: ;9<EAG;9;9G9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9@GJFG<=?J9>ALG

Key words: ;9<EAME;G;G99LGEA;9:KGJHLAGF?J9H@AL=>MJF9;=

RESUMEN

F=DHJ=K=FL==KLM<AGK=<=L=JEAF[D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9

<=;9;9GTheobroma cacao<=;AF;G>AF;9KM:A;9<9K9DGD9J?G<=D9NY9.9FLG

GEAF?Gi KE=J9D<9K=FD9HJGNAF;A9<=.9FLGGEAF?G<=DGK/KV;@AD9K.=

9F9DAR[MFLGL9D<=EM=KLJ9KIM=>M=JGFLGE9<9K<=HMFLGK<=EM=KLJ=G

1 +GFLA>A;A90FAN=JKA<9<9L[DA;9<=D ;M9<GJ!9;MDL9<<=A=F;A9K P9;L9KQ)9LMJ9D=K K;M=D9<=A=F;A9K

,MYEA;9K,MALG ;M9<GJKG>A9H9;GKL9D@GLE9AD;GEH=HGRGHM;==<M=;

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 69

=F;9<9MF9<=D9K>AF;9KE=<A9FL=D9LX;FA;9AFKLJME=FL9D<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[

EA;99;GHD9<9;GF@GJFG<=?J9>ALG=;9<9MF9<=D9KE9RGJ;9K<=;9;9G

D99DE=F<J9>M=K=;9<9;9D;AF9<9QKGE=LA<99MF9<A?=KLA[FV;A<9H9J99F9

DAR9J;9<EAG=F=D=IMAHG<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9;GF@GJFG<=?J9>ALG'GKJ=

KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GKH=JEAL=F;GF;DMAJIM==DHJGE=<AG<=DGK<9LGK<=DGK

9FVDAKAK<=D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G<=LG<9KD9K

EM=KLJ9K=KE?C?DG;M9DAF<A;9IM=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=K

N=;=KEVK9DL9<=DGH=JEALA<GIM=;GJJ=KHGF<=9E?C?K=?]F/.-

<=EVK=FD9>AF;9D9KHJAE=J9KEM=KLJ9K<=9DE=F<J9<=;9;9G

HGK==F;9<EAG=FMF9;GF;=FLJ9;A[FE=FGJ9DDYEAL=H=JEAKA:D=E=F;AGF9<G

9FL=JAGJE=FL==DGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GKK=<=<M;=IM=D9KE9RGJ;9K<=

;9;9GIM=K==KLVF;GK=;@9F<G=FD9K>AF;9K=KLM<A9<9KFGHG<JY9FK=J=PHGJ

L9<9KQ9IM=FG;MEHD=F;GFD9K=PA?=F;A9K<=;9DA<9<HJGHM=KL9K=F;M9FLG

9DDYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEAKA:D=<=;9<EAGHJ=K=FL==FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G

ABSTRACT

$FL@AKKLM<QL@=;GF;=FLJ9LAGFG>;9<EAMEAFL@=;9;9GTheobroma cacao

:=9FKO9K<=L=JEAF=<>JGE>AN=>9JEKDG;9L=<9DGF?L@=.9FLGGEAF?Gi K

E=J9D<9K@A?@O9QAF.9FLGGEAF?G<=DGK/KV;@AD9KLGL9DG>K9EHD=K

O=J=9F9DQR=<AFL@AKKLM<QL@=K9EHD=KO=J=L9C=F>JGEK9EHDAF?HGAFLK

AF=9;@G>L@=>AN=>9JEK/@=AFKLJME=FL9DL=;@FAIM=MK=<AFL@AKKLM<QO9K9LG

EA;9:KGJHLAGF;GE:AF=<OAL@9?J9H@AL=>MJF9;=G;G99DEGF<KHG<KO=J=

<JA=<;9D;AF=<9F<=PHGK=<LG9;A<<A?=KLAGFAFGJ<=JLG9F9DQR=;9<EAME

L@JGM?@9LGEA;9:KGJHLAGFOAL@L@=?J9H@AL=>MJF9;==IMAHE=FL/@=J=KMDLKG>

L@AKKLM<QK@GOL@9LL@=9N=J9?=;9<EAME;GFL=FLAFL@=;G;G9:=9FKG>9DD

K9EHD=KAKE?C?/@AKAF<A;9L=KL@9LL@=;9<EAME;GF;=FLJ9LAGFAKKAP

LAE=K9:GN=L@=9DDGO=<O@A;@AKE?C?/.-#GO=N=JAFL@=

>AJKLK9EHD=K>GJEL@=>9JEL@=;9<EAME;GF;=FLJ9LAGFO9K:=DGOL@=

H=JEAKKA:D=DAEAL!JGEL@=J=KMDLKG:L9AF=<ALAK<=<M;L=<L@9LL@=;G;G9HG<K

L@9L9J=:=AF?@9JN=KL=<AFL@=K=>9JEK;GMD<FGL:==PHGJL=<KAF;=L@=Q<G

FGLE==LL@=J=IMAJ=E=FLKJ=?9J<AF?L@=E9PAEMEH=JEALL=<;9<EAMEAFL@=

;G;G9:=9FK

infoANALÍTICA

Noviembre 2013

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 70

INTRODUCCIÓN

D;9;9GK==F;M=FLJ9YFLAE9E=FL=

DA?9<G9D ;M9<GJHGJKM@AKLGJA9HGJ

KM=;GFGEY9HGJD9HGDYLA;9QHGJKM

KG;A=<9<'9HJG<M;;A[F;9;9GL=J9

@9 G;MH9<G?J9FH9JL=<=D9RGF9

9?JY;GD9<=DH9YK

D ;M9<GJK=;9J9;L=JAR9HGJHGK==J

MF;9;9G<=9JGE99?J9<9:D=;GFG

;A<G;GEGj9;9GJJA:9k=DEAKEG

IM=@9KA<G=PHGJL9<G9N9JAGKH9Y

K=K+=JG<=:A<G9D9;GFL9EAF9;A[F

;GF ;9<EAG =F D9 9DE=F<J9 <=

;9;9G ;A=JL9K =PHGJL9;AGF=K @9F

KA<GJ=;@9R9<9K+GJ=KL=EGLANG=K

AEHGJL9FL=<=L=JEAF9JD9;GF;=FLJ9

;A[F<=;9<EAG<=D;9;9GIM=HJG

<M;=Q=PHGJL9 ;M9<GJ

KL==KLM<AG>M=J=9DAR9<G=F;AF;G

>AF;9K;9;9GL=J9KM:A;9<9K=FD9HJG

NAF;A9<=.9FLGGEAF?G<=DGK/KV

;@AD9K 9 DG D9J?G <= D9 NY9 .9FLG

GEAF?Gi KE=J9D<9K .= =K;G?A[

=KL9RGF9<=:A<G9D9HD=F9;GD9:G

J9;A[F<=DGKHJGHA=L9JAGK<=D9K>AF

;9K Q KM AFL=JXK HGJ ;GFG;=J DGK

FAN=D=K<=;9<EAG=FKMHJG<M;LG

FL=JAGJE=FL==D$FKLALMLG)9;AGF9D

ML[FGEG<=$FN=KLA?9;AGF=K?JG

H=;M9JA9K$)$+@9J=9DAR9<GMF9

K=JA=<=AFN=KLA?9;AGF=KKG:J=D9;GF

L9EAF9;A[F<=;9<EAG=F;9;9GFG

KGDG=FD99DE=F<J9KAFGL9E:AXF=F

GLJ9KH9JL=K<=D9HD9FL9H=JG=FD9

9;LM9DA<9<FGK=;M=FL9;GFAF>GJE9

;A[F9D?MF9HGJDG;M9D>M=F=;=K9JAG

;GFLAFM9J;GF=D=KLM<AG=F<GF<=K=

;MDLAN9;9;9G

*J?9FAR9;AGF=KAFL=JF9;AGF9D=K;G

EGD9/.-?=F;Q>GJ/GPA;.M:K

L9F;=KAK=9K=-=?AKLJQ@9FJ=9DA

R9<G N9JAGK =KLM<AGK 9;=J;9 <= D9

;GFL9EAF9;A[F ;GF ;9<EAG Q KM

=>=;LGH=JBM<A;A9DHGJDG;M9D=K<=

NANGAFL=JXK=D;GFG;=JD9;GF;=FLJ9

;A[F <=D EAKEG HJ=K=FL= =F =D

;9;9G

=:A<G9IM==D;9<EAG=KMFE=L9D

H=K9<G IM= K= =F;M=FLJ9 =F :9B9K

;GF;=FLJ9;AGF=KD9LX;FA;99F9DYLA;9

J=;GE=F<9<9H9J9;M9FLA>A;9J=KD9

<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9;GF@GJFG<=

?J9>ALGLX;FA;9IM=HGK==N=FL9B9K

;GEG ?J9F =KH=;A>A;A<9< 9EHDAG

;9EHG<=9HDA;9;A[F=P;=D=FL=K=F

KA:ADA<9<9H=IM=Z9K;GF;=FLJ9;AG

F=KJ9HA<=R=FD9<=L=JEAF9;A[FQ

?J9FK=D=;LANA<9<

DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (

Theobroma cacao

MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 71

MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS

Toma de muestra

.= J=9DAR[ E=<A9FL= EM=KLJ=G =F

;M9<J9FL=K=DEAKEGIM=;GFKAKL=

=FMFVJ=9>AB9<=>GJE9;M9<J9<9

MK9<9H9J9LGE9JKM:EM=KLJ9K<=MF

VJ=9E9QGJ<=9HJGPAE9<9E=FL=

@=;LVJ=9.VF;@=R

'9K;AF;G>AF;9KK==F;M=FLJ9F9DG

D9J?G<=D9NY9,MAFAF<X=FD9E9J

?=FARIMA=J<9<=D9;9JJ=L=J9AFL=JF9

K=LGE9JGF<A=RHMFLGK<=EM=KLJ=G

=F;9<9MF9<=D9K;AF;G>AF;9K;GF

=D >AF <= G:L=F=J MF LGL9D <= ;AF

;M=FL9EM=KLJ9K<=D99DE=F<J9<=

;9;9G

'9K>AF;9KQK==F;M=FLJ9FEVK

9D=B9<9K<=D9;9JJ=L=J9QD9K>AF;9K

Q=KLVFEVK;=J;99D9;9JJ=L=J9

+9J9EM=KLJ=9J=D?J9FG<=;9;9GG:

L=FA<G9LJ9NXK<=;M9<J9FL=KK=MLA

DAR[D9)GJE9/X;FA;9 ;M9LGJA9F9

)/ $) )j9;9G=F?J9FGk

Procedimiento

+9J9D9<A?=KLA[F<=D9KEM=KLJ9KK=

LGE[;GEGJ=>=J=F;A9=DEXLG<GG>A

;A9D<=D9*F]E=JG

IM==KMLADAR9<GH9J9D9<=L=JEAF9

;A[F<=HDGEG;9<EAG;G:J=@A=JJG

QRAF;=F9DAE=FLGKE=<A9FL==KH=;

LJG>GLGE=LJY9<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9

0FH9KGHJ=DAEAF9J<=?J9FAEHGJ

L9F;A9=KD9@GEG?=F=AR9;A[F<=D9

EM=KLJ9=KHMXK<=G:L=F=JD99D

E=F<J9<=;9;9GK=D9<ANA<==FN9

JAGK>J9?E=FLGK;GF=D>AF<=>9;ADAL9J

KMK=;9<G<=:A<G9KM9DLG;GFL=FA<G

<=?J9K9IM=HGK==K=H=K9=FLJ=

Q?J9EGK<=EM=KLJ9QK=;GDG;9

=FD9=KLM>99MF9L=EH=J9LMJ9<=

dg<MJ9FL=LG<9D9FG;@=

+GJ=DEXLG<G<=;M9JL=GK=<=B9D9

;9FLA<9< <= EM=KLJ9 K=;9 =F  ?

9HJGPAE9<9E=FL= FMF ;JAKGD <=

HGJ;=D9F9K=H=K99DJ=<=<GJ<=?

<=EM=KLJ9K=;9HJ=NAG9D9;9D;AF9

;A[FK=;GDG;9=D;JAKGD=FMF9HD9F

;@9<=;9D=FL9EA=FLG9MF9L=EH=

J9LMJ99HJGPAE9<9<=_;GF=D

>AF<==DAEAF9JD9?J9K9<=D9EM=KLJ9

QDM=?GK=HJG;=<=9;9D;AF9JD9

.=9Z9<=FE'<=#D;GF;=FLJ9<G

9D;JAKGDIM=;GFLA=F=D9EM=KLJ9;9D

;AF9<9;GFD9K=?MJA<9<IM=LG<G=D

;GFL=FA<G<=;=FAR9KK==F;M=FLJ=

infoANALÍTICA

Noviembre 2013

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 72

RESULTADOS

= 9;M=J<G ;GF =D GFKGJ;AG <=

GFK=BGK +JGNAF;A9D=K <=D ;M9<GJ

*)*+ QD9.G;A=<9<D=E9F9

<= GGH=J9;A[F/X;FA;9 =D DYEAL=

EVPAEGH=JEAKA:D=<=;9<EAG=FD9

9DE=F<J9<=;9;9G=K<=E?C?

+J=NAG9D9FVDAKAK<=D9KEM=KLJ9KK=

J=9DAR[MF9K=JA=<=HJM=:9K;GF=D

>AF<=HG<=J<=L=JEAF9JD9J=;MH=J9

;A[F<=DEXLG<G KL9KHJM=:9K;GF

=F;GFL9;LG;GF=DV;A<G'M=?GK=

DD=N99K=IM=<9<=FMF9HD9F;@9<=

;9D=FL9EA=FLG DJ=KA<MGG:L=FA<G

K=<AKM=DN==FE'<=#)*





(.=;M:J==D;JAKGD;GFMF9L9H9Q

K=<=B9J=HGK9J<MJ9FL=<GK@GJ9K.=

>ADLJ9=D;GFL=FA<G<=D;JAKGDQ=D>AD

LJ9<GK=;GDG;9=FMF:9D[F<=

E'QK=9>GJ9;GF#)*



(

.=;GJJ=F:D9F;GK<=J=9;LANGK;9<9

EM=KLJ9K;GF=D>AF<=9K=?MJ9J

IM=FG=PAKL9;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=;9<

EAG9KY;GEGL9E:AXFEM=KLJ9KHGJ

<MHDA;9<GQ>GJLA>A;9;AGF=K<=E?'

9EM=KLJ9K<=;9;9GDE9L=JA9D<=

J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<GK=D=<9=DEAK

EGLJ9L9EA=FLGIM=9D9KEM=KLJ9K

.=HJ=H9J9MF9KGDM;A[F=KLVF<9J<=

 E?' 9 H9JLAJ <=D =KLVF<9J <=

;9<EAG<=E?''9;MJN9<=

;9DA:J9;A[FK=D9J=9DAR9E=<A9FL=D9K

KA?MA=FL=K;GF;=FLJ9;AGF=Ke?'

e?'Qe?'

.=;GF>AJE9FD9K;GF<A;AGF=KAFKLJM

E=FL9D=K<=GH=J9;A[F<=D=KH=;LJG

>GL[E=LJGK=N=JA>A;9=DF]E=JG<=

AFQ=;;AGF=KIM=@9J=;A:A<G=DLM:G

K=J=9DAR9MF9DAEHA=R9?=F=J9D<=D

@GJFG<=?J9>ALGQK=9DYF=9=D9MLG

EM=KLJ=9<GJ

.= <=L=JEAF9 D9 9:KGJ:9F;A9 <=D

:D9F;GQ<=DGK=KLVF<9J=KQK=;GFK

LJMQ=D9;MJN9<=;9DA:J9;A[FK=@9;=

MF9D=;LMJ9<=DGK:D9F;GK<=J=9;LA

NGKEM=KLJ9KE9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F;A9

Q>GJLA>A;9;AGF=K

Condiciones instrumentales

'9K;GF<A;AGF=KAFKLJME=FL9D=KMLADA

R9<9K>M=JGF

` #GJFG<=?J9>ALG

` 'VEH9J9<=<=K;9J?9

` 'GF?ALM<<=GF<9FE

` .DAL

DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (

Theobroma cacao

MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 73

KAKLA=JGF=FD9<A?=KLA[F<=D9EM=K

LJ9K<=;9;9GQE9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F;A9

;=JLA>A;9<G K=?]F DG IM= AF<A;9 =D

(XLG<G*>A;A9D<=D9)GJE9

<=D9*K=G:LMNA=JGF

9DLGK HGJ;=FL9B=K <= J=;MH=J9;A[F

'GKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GK<=D9D=;LMJ9

<=DE9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<G

.L9F<9J< -=>=J=F;= (9L=JA9D .-(

f j/GE9LG=K'=9N=Kk )$./ K=

HJ=K=FL9F=FD9/9:D9

/abla 1. Resultados obtenidos en la lectura del material de referencia certificado

MATERIAL DE REFERENCIA CERTIFICADO

Fecha Código Muestra Lectura Resultado Error Recuperación

(g) (µg/L) (mg/kg) (%) (%)

09/04/2009 MRC 0.9997 5.408 1.35 8.6 91.4

30/06/2009 MRC A 1.0112 8.280 1.64 5.0 95.0

30/06/2009 MRC A 1.0112 8.060 1.59 2.2 97.8

30/06/2009 MRC A 1.0112 7.187 1.42 4.0 96.0

=KHMXK<=D9D=;LMJ9<=D9;GF;=F

LJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=F=DE9L=JA9D<=

J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<GK=HM=<=;GF

>AJE9JIM==PAKL=FHGJ;=FL9B=K<=J=

;MH=J9;A[F =D=N9<GK E9QGJ=K <=D

Q;GFMFEVPAEG<=D

0F9N=RJ=9DAR9<GKDGK9FVDAKAK=FD9K

EM=KLJ9K<=D99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G

K=G:LMNA=JGFDGKJ=KMDL9<GKIM=K=

=F;M=FLJ9F=FD9/9:D9

GEGK=HM=<=G:K=JN9J=FD9/9:D9

=F;M9FLG9D9>AF;9D9KHJAE=J9K

;M9LJGEM=KLJ9KHGK==FMF9;GF;=F

LJ9;A[F<=;9<EAGE=FGJ9DDYEAL=<=

;M9FLA>A;9;A[F;GF=D;M9DK=LJ9:9B[

9<=EVKK=G:K=JN9IM=D9;GF;=F

LJ9;A[F <= ;9<EAG N9 9ME=FL9F<G

HJG?J=KAN9E=FL= Q D9 E9QGJY9 <=

EM=KLJ9KFG;MEHD=F;GFD9K=PA?=F

;A9K<=;9DA<9<

F;M9FLG9D9>AF;9KG:J=H9K9=D

DYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEALA<G<=;9<EAG

=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G9<=EVK

D9KEM=KLJ9KIM=>M=JGFLGE9<9K9

E9QGJ<AKL9F;A9<=D9;9JJ=L=J9HG

K==FE=FGJ;9FLA<9<<=;9<EAG

FD9>AF;9K=HM=<=G:K=JN9JIM=

DGKJ=KMDL9<GK<=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=

infoANALÍTICA

Noviembre 2013

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 74

cadmio son bajos en comparación

con las otras fincas, Tabla 2, sin em-

bargo, la cantidad de cadmio encon-

trada en las muestras supera los

límites permitidos. Hay que conside-

rar que esta finca se encuentra más

alejada de la carretera.

Tabla 2. Resultados de la determinación de cadmio en la almendra de cacao

en diez muestras de la finca 1 a la 5, el 30/06/2009

Finca Código M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10

20.012 20.007 20.000 20.012 20.012 20.006 20.009 20.009 19.997 20.002

(g)

Lectura

0.827 1.187 –1.874 –1.645 9.260 4.746 5.129 5.389 8.721 9.746

(µg/L)

Resultado

<L.C. <L.C. <L.C. <L.C. 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.44 0.49

(mg/kg)

19.996 20.010 20.000 20.007 20.004 20.007 20.005 20.006 20.024 19.995

(g)

Lectura)

7.299 7.668 9.168 8.977 8.899 4.696 9.193 9.828 9.112 9.865

(µg/L

Resultado

0.18 0.19 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.23 0.25

(mg/kg)

19.998 20.008 19.996 20.005 20.010 20.009 20.012 20.002 20.008 20.007

(g)

Lectura

4.464 4.916 6.760 7.059 8.448 9.288 9.336 9.845 6.874 7.638

(µg/L)

Resultado

0.11 0.12 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.25 0.34 0.38

(mg/kg)

20.008 20.010 19.997 19.997 20.009 20.007 20.002 20.005 19.999 20.007

(g)

Lectura

5.305 6.336 8.486 4.178 4.320 4.550 5.436 5.714 7.172 6.854

(µg/L)

Resultado

0.13 0.16 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.27 0.29 0.36 0.34

(mg/kg)

20.005 20.003 20.005 20.007 20.008 20.004 20.003 20.007 20.009 20.008

(g)

Lectura

4.012 4.135 3.869 5.935 8.482 8.690 8.699 8.796 7.683 7.893

(µg/L)

Resultado

0.4 0.41 0.48 0.59 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.88 0.96 0.99

(mg/kg)

En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos

en la finca 4, se puede afirmar, que

sí existe contaminación con cadmio

en la almendra de cacao. Igual-

DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (

Theobroma cacao

MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 10:29 Página 75

Gráfico 1: Valores promedio de la concentración de cadmio

en cacao (mg/kg) de cada una de las fincas

D"JV>A;GAF<A;9IM=D9;GF;=F

LJ9;A[F<=;9<EAG=FD9KHJAE=J9K

>AF;9K =K E=FGJ =F ;GEH9J9;A[F

;GFD9IMAFL9>AF;9H=JG LG<9KK=

=F;M=FLJ9FKG:J=DGKDYEAL=K<=;9<

EAGH=JEALA<GK

KAEHGJL9FL=E=F;AGF9JIM=K=J=9

DAR9JGF<MHDA;9<GK<=9D?MF9KEM=K

LJ9K=K<=;AJIM=K=LJ9:9B[=F;GF<A

;AGF=K<=J=HJG<M;A:ADA<9<H9J99K=

?MJ9JD9;9DA<9<<=D9HJ=H9J9;A[F<=

D9EM=KLJ9EA=FLJ9KIM=;GFGLJ9K

EM=KLJ9KK=LJ9:9B[=F;GF<A;AGF=K<=

J=H=LALANA<9<H9J99K=?MJ9J=D:M=F

>MF;AGF9EA=FLG<=D=IMAHGH9J9DG

;M9DK=9;=HL[MF=JJGJEVPAEG<=D

=FLJ=DGK<GK<9LGKG:L=FA<GK

E=FL=K=HGF=<=E9FA>A=KLG=D9M

E=FLG=FD9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<

EAG<=D9EM=KLJ99D9EM=KLJ9

'GKJ=KMDL9<GK<=D9>AF;9=FD9

/9:D9AF<A;9FIM==KD9>AF;9IM=

HGK==MF9E9QGJ;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=

;9<EAG;GEGK=9HJ=;A9=F=D?JV

>A;G=K<=;AJD9>AF;9HGK===F

N9DGJHJGE=<AG<=D9KEM=KLJ9K9F9

DAR9<9KE9QGJ;9FLA<9<<=;9<EAG

=F D9 9DE=F<J9 K= <=:= L=F=J =F

;GFKA<=J9;A[FIM= =K D9 >AF;9 EVK

;=J;9F99D9;9JJ=L=J9.LGGEAF

?Gi KE=J9D<9K

infoANALÍTICA

Noviembre 2013

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 76

Tabla 3: Resultados de las fortificaciones de las muestras de cacao

FORTIFICACIONES

Fecha Código Volumen Peso Dilución Lectura Resultado Error Observaciones

Aforo Muestra (µg/L) (mg/kg) (%)

(mL) (g)

17/03/2009 C* Cd (Fortificada

50 2.0006 400 4.756 1.90 4.88 %Recupera-

2 mg/L)

ción= 95.10

18/03/2009 C* Cd (Fortificada

50 2.0006 400 4.756 1.90 4.88 %Recupera

2 mg/L

) ción = 95.10

9;9G

'9/9:D9AF<A;9IM==DHGJ;=FL9B=

<=J=;MH=J9;A[F=KE9QGJ9DDG

;M9D;GF>AJE9IM=DGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:

L=FA<GKKGF;GF>A9:D=K

+9J9HG<=J;GEH9J9JDGKJ=KMDL9<GK

G:L=FA<GKK=F=;=KAL9G:K=JN9J=DKA

?MA=FL=?JV>A;G

Gráfico 2: Comparación de resultados del análisis de Cd de la finca 1 a la 5

.=J=9DAR9JGF>GJLA>A;9;AGF=K9EM=K

LJ9K<=;9;9G;GF=D>AF<=;GFG;=J

D9J=;MH=J9;A[F<=DEXLG<G=K<=;AJ

KAD9<A?=KLA[F9HDA;9<9QD9K;GF<A

;AGF=K=KH=;LJG>GLGEXLJA;9KKGF;G

JJ=;L9K;GFLAFM9;A[FK=HJ=K=FL9F

DGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GK<=D9K>GJLA

>A;9;AGF=K

DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (

Theobroma cacao

MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 77

DISCUSIÓN

D ;M9<GJ=K;GFKA<=J9<G;GEGMF

AEHGJL9FL=HJG<M;LGJ<=;9;9G<=

:A<G9D9K;9J9;L=JYKLA;9K]FA;9KIM=

=KL=HGK==HGJDG;M9D=K<=?J9FAF

L=JXK;GFG;=JKA=PAKL=F;GFL9EAF9F

L=K ;GEG =D ;9<EAG D HJGQ=;LG

j=L=JEAF9;A[F<=E=L9D=K;GFL9EA

F9FL=K=F;MDLANGK<==PHGJL9;A[FQ

KMJ=H=J;MKA[FKG:J=D9;9DA<9<<=

DGKEAKEGKk=B=;ML9<GHGJ=D$)$+

KL9;A[F/JGHA;9D+A;@ADAF?M=

J=9DAR[D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=D9;GF

;=FLJ9;A[F<=+:<Q5F=FRGF9K

9?JY;GD9K<=AFL=JXK=;GF[EA;GQD9

N9JA9;A[F =F D9K RGF9K ;GF JA=K?G

;GF=DMKG<==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9<=

9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9<=DD9E9'GKJ=

KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GKAF<A;9JGFIM=DGK

;MDLANGK<=;9;9G Q:9F9FGK==F

;M=FLJ9FE9QGJE=FL=9>=;L9<GKHGJ

D9;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=E=L9D=KH=K9

<GK'GK9FVDAKAK<=;9<EAGK=J=9DA

R9JGF =F =D L9DDG @GB9K ;VK;9J9

9DE=F<J9QE9?M=QQK==F;GFLJ[

IM==DL9DDGL=FY9E9QGJ;GF;=FLJ9

;A[F<=;9<EAG

FD9j$FN=KLA?9;A[FKG:J==D;GFL=

FA<G<=;9<EAG=F9D?MFGK9DAE=FLGK

<=D9<A=L9=;M9LGJA9F9kK=G:K=JN9

IM=D9LX;FA;9MLADAR9<9H9J9D9;M9F

LA>A;9;A[F=KD9<==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9

<= 9:KGJ;A[F 9L[EA;9<= DD9E9 DG

;M9DAF<A;9IM==KMF9LX;FA;9EMQ

=P9;L9QK=FKA:D=H9J9:9B9K;GF;=F

LJ9;AGF=K+9D9;AGK

.=HM=<=G:K=JN9J=F=D"JV>A;G=F

DGIM=;GJJ=KHGF<=9D9>AF;9IM=

DGKN9DGJ=K<=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=<

=FD9K;M9LJGHJAE=J9KEM=KLJ9K=KLVF

:9BGQ=F=DDYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEA

LA<G<=:A<G9IM=DGKN9DGJ=KKGFAF

>=JAGJ=K9DDYEAL=<=;M9FLA>A;9;A[F

'GKN9DGJ=K<=;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=<

N9F9ME=FL9F<G<=D9EM=KLJ9=F

9<=D9FL= ;GF>GJE= D9 ;=J;9FY9 <=D

HMFLG<=EM=KLJ=G9D9;9JJ=L=J9AF

L=JF9 DN9DGJHJGE=<AG<=D9;GF

;=FLJ9;A[F<=<=FD99DE=F<J9<=

;9;9G=F=KL9>AF;9=K<=E?&?

F;M9FLG9D9>AF;9QK=G:

K=JN9IM=LG<GKDGKJ=KMDL9<GKKG:J=

H9K9F 9D EVPAEG H=JEAKA:D= <=

;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9GQ=D

N9DGJHJGE=<AG<=D9K;GF;=FLJ9;AG

F=K <= ;9<EAG =F D9 9DE=F<J9 <=

;9;9G=K<=E?&?H9J9D9>AF;9

QE?&?H9J9D9>AF;9Q

E?&?H9J9D9>AF;9IM==KD9

<=E9QGJ;GFL9EAF9;A[F

infoANALÍTICA

Noviembre 2013

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 78

CONCLUSIONES

'9 ;GF;=FLJ9;A[F <= ;9<EAG HJ=

K=FL==FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G<=D

<=D9KEM=KLJ9K9F9DAR9<9KKG

:J=H9K9=DDYEAL=EVPAEGH=JEAKA:D=

=KL9:D=;A<GHGJ=D*)*+ IM=

;GJJ=KHGF<=9E?C?

DHJGE=<AG<=DGKJ=KMDL9<GK<=DGK

9FVDAKAK<=D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=;9<

EAG =F D9 9DE=F<J9 <= ;9;9G <=

LG<9KD9KEM=KLJ9K=K<=E?C?

DG;M9DAF<A;9IM=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F

<=;9<EAG=KN=;=KEVK9DL9<=DG

=KL9:D=;A<GHGJ=D*)*+ 

.=?]FD9K=KA[F)g<=DG<=PDA

E=FL9JAMKJ=9DAR9<9=F=D9ZG

=DFAN=DLYHA;G<=;9<EAG=FGD=9?A

FGK9KQD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9GN9<=

9E?C?DG;M9DAF<A;9IM==D

GFDGE=F;AGF9<G9FL=JAGJE=FL=

K= HM=<= ;GF>AJE9J IM= D9 LX;FA;9

9F9DYLA;9<=9:KGJ;A[F9L[EA;9BMFLG

;GFD9D=;LMJ9<=E9L=JA9D<=J=>=J=F

;A9QD9D=;LMJ9<=>GJLA>A;9;AGF=KHJG

HGJ;AGF9FJ=KMDL9<GK;GF>A9:D=K

DGFKGJ;AG<=GFK=BGK+JGNAF;A9

D=K<=D ;M9<GJ*)*+ QD9.G

;A=<9< D=E9F9 <= GGH=J9;A[F

/X;FA;9=FKM9JLY;MDGjMDLANG*J?V

FA;G <= 9;9Gk AF<A;9F IM= D9

HD9FL9<=;9;9G9:KGJ:=DA?=J9E=FL=

DGKE=L9D=KH=K9<GKIM=K==F;M=F

LJ9F=FDGKKM=DGKQDGK;GF;=FLJ9=F

D9KK=EADD9K<=EVKK=Z9D9IM=D9K

HJAE=J9KAFN=KLA?9;AGF=KKAKL=EVLA;9K

KG:J= =D ;GFL=FA<G <= ;9<EAG =F

;9;9GQHJG<M;LGK<=;9;9GK=J=9DA

R9JGF=F'9KAFN=KLA?9;AGF=K

<=D9ZGHJGHGJ;AGF9FJ=KMDL9

<GKIM=N9F<=K<=9E?C?

H9J9N9JA=<9<=K<=;GFKMEGHJGN=

FA=FL=K <= J9KAD 9@Y9 "@9F9

GKL9<=(9J>AD9E=J]FQ)A?=JA9

F9D?MF9KN9JA=<9<=K>AF9KDGKJ=KMD

L9<GKGK;AD9F=FLJ=QHHE

=F"J9F9<AF9(9D9KA9/JAFA<9<1=

F=RM=D9 Q ;M9<GJ .G;A=<9< D=

E9F9

.=?]FDGKJ=KMDL9<GKG:L=FA<GK=F=D

=KLM<AG<=;9<EAG=F;9;9G<=D ;M9

<GJJ=9DAR9<GHGJ=D*)*+ QD9

.G;A=<9<D=E9F9 <=GGH=J9;A[F

/X;FA;9D9;9FLA<9<<=;9<EAG=FD9

9DE=F<J9<=;9;9G=KE9QGJ=F;GE

H9J9;A[F;GFD9K;AF;G>AF;9K9F9DAR9

<9KQ9IM==FHJGE=<AGK=G:LMNG

MF9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=E?C?

DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (

Theobroma cacao

MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 79

RECOMENDACIONES

D ;M9<GJ =K MFG <= DGK E9QGJ=K

HJG<M;LGJ=K <= ;9;9G >AFG Q <=

9JGE9HGJDG;M9D=KMLADAR9<G=FD9

>9:JA;9;A[F <= ;@G;GD9L=K =K HGJ

=KL=EGLANGIM=K=<=:=E9FL=F=JMF

;GFLJGDKG:J=DGK;GFL9EAF9FL=KIM=

HM=<=F9>=;L9J9D;9;9GQ9IM=K=

HG<JY9:9B9JD9;9DA<9<<=DEAKEGQ

;GF=KLGD9K=PHGJL9;AGF=K

.=J=;GEA=F<9J=9DAR9JEVKAFN=KLA

?9;AGF=KKG:J=D9;GFL9EAF9;A[F<=

;9<EAG=FD99DE=F<J9<=;9;9G=F

<A>=J=FL=KRGF9K=F<GF<==K;MDLA

N9<G<=:A<G9IM==KL==KMFHJG

<M;LG IM= HJGN== MF AF?J=KG

=;GF[EA;GKA?FA>A;9LANGH9J9=DH9YK

.=KM?A=J=J=<M;AJ=DLA=EHG<=<A

?=KLA[FE=<A9FL=D99HDA;9;A[F<=D9

=F=J?Y9<=EA;JGGF<9K;GF=D>AF<=

GHLAEAR9J=DH=JYG<GMLADAR9<G=FD9

HJ=H9J9;A[F<=D9EM=KLJ9

HJGE=<AG<= DGK J=KMDL9<GK;GJJ=K

HGF<A=FL=9E?C?=KLV<=FLJG

<=DGKDYEAL=KH=JEAKA:D=KAEHM=KLGK

HGJ=DG<=PDAE=FL9JAMK

'9K EM=KLJ9K IM= >M=JGF LGE9<9K

;=J;9<=D9;9JJ=L=J9AFL=JF9HGK==F

E9QGJ ;9FLA<9< <= ;9<EAG 

E?C?EA=FLJ9KIM=D9KEM=KLJ9KLG

E9<9K9E9QGJ<AKL9F;A9<==KL9HG

K==F E=FGJ ;9FLA<9< <= ;9<EAG

E?C? KLGHM=<=AF<A;9JIM=

=DEGNAEA=FLGN=@A;MD9JQD9;=J;9FY9

;GF=D9K>9DLG<=D9;9JJ=L=J9KA?FA>A

;9FMF>9;LGJ<=;GFL9EAF9;A[F

'9LX;FA;9<==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9<=

9:KGJ;A[F 9L[EA;9 9;GHD9<9 ;GF

@GJFG<=?J9>ALG=K;GF>A9:D=H9J9D9

<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=;9<EAGQ9IM=DGK

J=KMDL9<GK<=D9D=;LMJ9<=DE9L=JA9D

<=J=>=J=F;A9;=JLA>A;9<GKGF9;=HL9

:D=K K= G:LA=F= MF EVPAEG <=

<=J=;MH=J9;A[F

'9KE9RGJ;9K<=;9;9GHJGN=FA=FL=K

<=D9K>AF;9K9F9DAR9<9KFGHG<JY9F

K=J=PHGJL9<9KQ9IM=FG;MEHD=F

;GFD9K=PA?=F;A9K<=;9DA<9<K=?]F

=D*)*+ QD9.G;A=<9<D=E9F9

<=GGH=J9;A[F/X;FA;9E?C?

QIM=<9JY9FH9J9=D;GFKMEGDG;9D

<GF<=FGK=F=;=KAL9<=L=JEAF9JD9

;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=;9<EAGH9J9KM;G

E=J;A9DAR9;A[F

infoANALÍTICA

Noviembre 2013

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 80

LITERATURA CITADA

/.-  9<EAG 9<EAME

@LLHOOO9LK<J;<;?GN=KH@K

=K8H@K@LED  <= >=:J=JG <=



=FLJ= >GJ ;GDG?A;9D .;A=F;=K $F<A9F

$FKLALML=G>.;A=F;=9F?9DGJ=9<

EAGOOO;=KAAK;=JF=LAF=F=J?Q

##' )1=FNKH1GD

=@LE;9<EAG@D=K;L;DFC

;<?D=;  <= >=:J=JG <=



@AJA:G?9 (9FM=D +A;;AFG -=F9LG

La producción campesina

cacaotera: Problemas y perspecti-

vas9=<A;A[F ;M9<GJ

G<=P9DAE=FL9JAMK;GEEAKKAGFG<=P

;GEEALL==GF>GG<9<<ALAN=K9F<

;GFL9EAF9FLK  AK;MKKAGF

H9H=JGF;9<EAME$L9DA9

"MAL9JL-'GKJ=KA<MGK<=E=L9

D=K=FDGK 9DAE=FLGK @LLHIMAJG

M9:=KLGP<=>=:J=JG<=

$)$+=L=JEAF9;A[F<=E=L9D=K;GFL9

EAF9FL=K =F ;MDLANGK <= =PHGJL9

;A[F Q KM J=H=J;MKA[F KG:J= D9

;9DA<9<<=DGKEAKEGK@LLHOOO

E9??GN=;HJGEK9-=KME=F$

"1@LE<= K=HLA=E:J=

<=

+9D9;AGK+$FN=KLA?9;A[F.G:J==D

GFL=FA<G<=9<EAG=FD?MFGK

DAE=FLGK<=D9A=L9 ;M9LGJA9F9

AK=JL9;A[F <= 'A;=F;A9LMJ9 =F

A=F;A9K ,MYEA;9K +0  ;M9

<GJ

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9=<A;A[F ;M9<GJ

.G;A=<9<D=E9F9<=GGH=J9;A[F/X;

FA;9 MDLANG GJ?VFA;G <= ;9;9G

@LLHOOO;GF;GH=?GN=; ;M9L=

JJALGJA9DH9?AF9KHGQG8?JG/=;

FGDG?A98AFFGN9;AGF?JA;GD9/=;FG

*J?9FA;9MDLANGK;9;9G@LE<=

G;LM:J=<=

0FA<9</X;FA;9<= KLM<AGKH9J9D9$F

<MKLJA90/ +$9;9G K

LM<AG?JGAF<MKLJA9D=F=D ;M9<GJ

GEH=LALANA<9< <= D9 9<=F9 <=

19DGJQ+=JKH=;LAN9K<=(=J;9<G

+JG?J9E9$FL=?J9<G=FLJ==D(AFAK

L=JAG<=$F<MKLJA9KQGEH=LALANA<9<

QD9*J?9FAR9;A[F<=D9K)9;AGF=K

0FA<9K H9J9 =D =K9JJGDDG $F<MK

LJA9D,MALG ;M9<GJ

1ADD9NA;=F;AG9J9;L=JAR9;A[F

,MYEA;9 <=D )AN=D <= !=JE=FL9

;A[FQ KLM<AG<=DGK+9JVE=LJGK<=

D99DA<9<<=D9;9GTheobroma

DETERMINACIÓN DE CADMIO EN LA ALMENDRA DE CACAO (

Theobroma cacao

MEDIANTE ESPECTROFOTOMETRÍA DE ABSORCIÓN ATÓMICA CON HORNO DE GRAFITO

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 81

cacao L.+JG<M;A<G=F=D ;M9<GJ

AK=JL9;A[F <= 'A;=F;A9LMJ9 =F

A=F;A9K ,MYEA;9K +0  ;M9

<GJ

29C9G# KLM<AG<=D919JA9;A[F

<=D GFL=FA<G <= D;9DGA<=K =F

9;9G Theobroma cacao L. <=

+JG<M;;A[F )9;AGF9D <MJ9FL= =D

+JG;=KG<==F=>A;AGAK=JL9;A[F

<='A;=F;A9LMJ9=FA=F;A9K,MYEA

;9K+0  ;M9<GJ

infoANALÍTICA

Noviembre 2013

infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 82