115
EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE
L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE
(Persea americana)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y
COMPUTACIONALES
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF L-CARNITINE
IN AVOCADO (Persea americana) THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL
AND COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES
Pamela Carrillo S.
& Lorena Meneses O.
Palabras claves: ';9JFALAF99?M9;9L=9;=LAD9;A[FE=;9FAKEG
<=J=9;;A[FL=JEG<AFVEA;9J=9;LANA<9<
Key words: ';9JFALAF=9NG;9<G9;=LQD9LAGFJ=9;LAGFE=;@9FAKE
L@=JEG<QF9EA;KJ=9;LANALQ
RESUMEN
DG:B=LANG<=DHJ=K=FL==KLM<AG>M=D9=PLJ9;;A[FQ;9J9;L=JAR9;A[F<=';9JFA
LAF9=F9?M9;9L=Persea americana9LJ9NXK<=LX;FA;9KAFKLJME=FL9D=KQ;GE
HML9;AGF9D=K'9;M9FLA>A;9;A[F<=';9JFALAF9<=<GKN9JA=<9<=K<=9?M9;9L=
GGL@Q!M=JL=K=J=9DAR[E=<A9FL==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9011AK.==F;GFLJ[
IM=D9N9JA=<9<GGL@LA=F=MF;GFL=FA<G<=μ?<=';9JFALAF9?J9EG<=
>JMLG>J=K;GEA=FLJ9KIM=D9!M=JL=μ??<=EVKK=<=L=JEAF[D9;AFXLA;9
<=J=9;;A[F<=9;=LAD9;A[F<=D9';9JFALAF9HGJE=<AG<==KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9
1 +GFLA>A;A90FAN=JKA<9<9L[DA;9<=D ;M9<GJ!9;MDL9<<=A=F;A9K P9;L9KQ)9LMJ9D=K K;M=D9<=A=F
;A9K,MYEA;9K,MALG ;M9<GJH;;9JJADDGQ9@GG;GEDEE=F=K=KHM;==<M=;
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 115
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
116116
<=AF>J9JJGBGKGEGJ=KMDL9<GK=G:LMNGMF9J=9;;A[F<=K=?MF<GGJ<=F?DG:9D
;GFMF9;GFKL9FL=<=N=DG;A<9<<=P
i
'EGDmK9d&+GJ]DLAEGK=
J=9DAR[=D9FVDAKAKL=JEG<AFVEA;G<=D9J=9;;A[FK=<=L=JEAF[=DE=;9FAKEG
<=J=9;;A[FQ=D9FVDAKAK<=J=9;LANA<9<QK=D=;LANA<9<<=D9KEGDX;MD9KJ=9;
L9FL=KE=<A9FL=LX;FA;9K;GEHML9;AGF9D=K;GF=DEXLG<G'4+Q=D;GFBMFLG
<=:9K=K"<H'9=FL9DHY9<=J=9;;A[F>M=<=iC;9DEGD=F>9K=?9
K=GK9Q<=iC;9DEGD=F>9K=9;MGK9.==KL9:D=;A[IM=D9J=9;;A[F<=9;=
LAD9;A[FK=HJG<M;=HGJMF9L9IM=FM;D=G>YDA;G<=D@A<JG;DGJMJG<=';9JFALAF9
9D;DGJMJG<=9;=LADGH9K9HGJD9>GJE9;A[F<=MF=KL9<G<=LJ9FKA;A[FL=LJ9X
<JA;GQ;MDEAF9;GFD9=DAEAF9;A[F<=V;A<G;DGJ@Y<JA;G.=<=L=JEAF[IM=D9
';9JFALAF9=KMF9EGDX;MD9FM;D=G>YDA;9;GF=DGPY?=FG;GEGKALAG9;LANGEA=F
LJ9KIM==D;DGJMJG<=9;=LADG=K=D=D=;LJ[>ADGQKMKALAG9;LANG=K=D;9J:GFG;9J
:GFYDA;G
ABSTRACT
/@=HMJHGK=G>L@AKKLM<QO9KL@==PLJ9;LAGF9F<;@9J9;L=JAR9LAGFG>';9JFALAF=
>JGE9NG;9<GPersea americanaOAL@L@=MK=G>;GEHML9LAGF9D9F<AFKLJME=F
L9DL=;@FAIM=K';9JFALAF=O9KIM9FLA>A=<:Q011AKKH=;LJGK;GHQ>JGELOG9NG
;9<GN9JA=LA=K !M=JL= 9F<GGL@$L O9K>GMF<L@9LL@=GGL@N9JA=LQ
;GFL9AFKμ?G>';9JFALAF=?J9EG>>J=K@>JMALO@AD=!M=JL=@9Kμ??/@=
CAF=LA;KG>L@=9;=LQD9LAGFJ=9;LAGFO9K<=L=JEAF=<OAL@L@=MK=G>AF>J9J=<
KH=;LJGK;GHQ/@=J=>GJ=L@=J=9;LAGFAKK=;GF<?DG:9DGJ<=JOAL@9J9L=;GFKL9FL
G>P

'EGDmK9d&/@=L@=JEG<QF9EA;9F9DQKAKG>L@=J=9;LAGF
L@=<=L=JEAF9LAGFG>L@=J=9;LAGFE=;@9FAKE9F<L@=9F9DQKAKG>L@=J=9;LANALQ
9F<K=D=;LANALQG>L@=J=9;L9FLEGD=;MD=KL@JGM?@;GEHML9LAGF9DL=;@FAIM=K
OAL@L@='4+E=L@G<9F<L@="<H:9KAKK=LO=J==P=;ML=</@=J=
9;LAGF=FL@9DHQAFL@=?9KH@9K=O9KiC;9DEGD9F<iC;9DEGDAFL@=
9IM=GMKH@9K=$LO9K=KL9:DAK@=<L@9LL@=9;=LQD9LAGFJ=9;LAGFAKHJG<M;=<:Q
9FM;D=GH@ADA;9LL9;CG>L@=@Q<JG;@DGJA<=';9JFALAF=LGL@=9;=LQD;@DGJA<=
?GAF?L@JGM?@9L=LJ9@=<J9DLJ9FKALAGFKL9L=O@A;@=F<KOAL@L@==DAEAF9LAGFG>
;@DGJA<=9;A<DKGALO9K<=L=JEAF=<L@9LL@=';9JFALAF=AK9FM;D=GH@ADA;EG
D=;MD=OAL@L@=GPQ?=F9KL@=9;LAN=KAL=L@=9;=LQD;@DGJA<=GFL@=GL@=J@9F<
AK9F=D=;LJGH@AD=OAL@L@=;9J:GFQD;9J:GF9KL@=9;LAN=KAL=
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 116
117
'9';9JFALAF9:MLAJ9LG<=@A<JGPA
)LJAE=LAD9EGFAG =K MF9EAFGV
;A<GLJAE=LAD9<G!A?MJ9KAFL=LAR9
<G9H9JLAJ<=D9DAKAF9QD9E=LAGFAF9
+GK==<GK=KL=J=GAK[E=JGKKM>GJE9
D=NG=K9;LAN9:AGD[?A;9E=FL=EA=F
LJ9KIM=D9<=PLJG=KAF9;LAN9
Figura 1. Estructura de la L-carnitina
'9';9JFALAF9H=JEAL==DLJ9FKHGJL=
<=V;A<GK?J9KGK9;LAN9<GK<=K<==D
;ALGKGD;=DMD9J9D9E9LJAREALG;GF
<JA9D<GF<=K=HJG<M;=D9β GPA<9
;A[F<=D9K?J9K9KQD9J=?MD9;A[F<=
;G=FRAE9DA:J=Q9;AD;G=FRAE9
KLGK=HJG<M;=;M9F<GDGKXKL=J=K<=
D9 ;G=FRAE9 G <= DGK V;A<GK
?J9KGK<=D;ALGKGDK=LJ9FK=KL=JA>A;9F
;GFD9';9JFALAF9;GFD99QM<9<=D9
;9JFALAF9H9DEALGLJ9FK>=J9K9 19R
29F<=JK=:A<G9KMH9H=D
=FHJG;=KGKE=L9:[DA;GKAEHGJL9F
L=KK=J=;GEA=F<9MF9<GKAK<A9JA9
<=';9JFALAF9<=E?C?<=
H=KG=E9JIMGQ =L9D D9
;M9DHM=<=K=J9<IMAJA<99LJ9NXK<=
:AGKYFL=KAKAF?=KLA[F=FD9<A=L9GJ=
9:KGJ;A[FAFL=KLAF9D.M<=>A;A=F;A99
D9J?GHD9RGHM=<=HJGNG;9J=F>=JE=
<9<=K ;9J<Y9;9K <=K[J<=F=K =F =D
;J=;AEA=FLG Q 9DL=J9;AGF=K F=MJG
EMK;MD9J=K #=9<<=EVK
HM=<=K=JMK9<9;GEGKMHD=E=FLG
H9J9=DLJ9L9EA=FLG<=N9JA9K=F>=J
E=<9<=K;GEGD99FGJ=PA99F?AF9
AKIM=EA9=AFKM>A;A=F;A9;9J<Y9;9
'9HJAF;AH9D>M=FL=<=';9JFALAF9KGF
DGK HJG<M;LGK <= GJA?=F 9FAE9D
EA=FLJ9K IM= DGK<=GJA?=F N=?=L9D
;GFLA=F=F:9B9K;9FLA<9<=K<=';9J
FALAF9Q=D<=E9QGJ;GFL=FA<G=K=D
9?M9;9L==E9JIMGQ=L9D
'9;9FLA<9<<=';9JFALAF9=F9?M9
;9L= >M= AFA;A9DE=FL= <=L=JEAF9<9
HGJE=<AG<=MF=FK9QG=FRAEVLA;G
+9FL=J(M<<ZGK<=KHMXK
K=DGJ=9DAR[;GFMFEXLG<GJ9<AGAKG
L[HA;G=E9JIMGQ=L9DQ=F
;GF=KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9NAKA:D=
!JA=<E9F  ;LM9DE=FL= K=
@9F <=K9JJGDD9<GLX;FA;9KH9J9D9<=
L=JEAF9;A[F <= ';9JFALAF9 ;GEG
;JGE9LG?J9>Y9DYIMA<9<=9DL9=>A;A=F
;A9;GF<=L=;LGJMDLJ9NAGD=L9#+'
01HGJKMKKA?D9K=FAF?DXK=KH=;
INTRODUCCIÓN
EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
Persea americana
)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 117
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
118118
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
Toma de muestra
.=LGE9JGF<GKEM=KLJ9KK=E9F9D=K
HGJ;AF;GK=E9F9K<=MFCADG?J9EG
<= <GK N9JA=<9<=K <= 9?M9;9L=
GGL@Q!M=JL==FE=J;9<GKQKM
H=JE=J;9<GK '9K EM=KLJ9K >M=JGF
9F9DAR9<9KHGJLJAHDA;9<G
Extracción de L-carnitina
.==PLJ9BGD9';9JFALAF9;GF=L9FGD9D
QK=<=KHJGL=AFAR[=D=PLJ9;LG
;GFKGDM;AGF=K<=@A<J[PA<G<=:9JAG
)QKMD>9LG<=RAF;@=HL9@A<J9
L9<GHN+9J9D9HMJA>A;9;A[FK=
MK[;JGE9LG?J9>Y9<=;GDMEF9<=AF
LJGK;GHY9<=E9K9LVF<=ELVF<=E
(.G#+'LVF<=E(.IM=FGAF
;DMQ=FMF9<=L=JEAF9;A[F=F9?M9
;9L=(AFCD=J=L9D
D9?M9;9L=H=JL=F=;=9D9>9EADA9<=
D9K '9MJ=V;=9K ?XF=JG +=JK=9 .M
>JMLG=K9DL9E=FL=FMLJALANGQ9IM=
HGK==MF9DLG;GFL=FA<G<=HJGL=Y
F9K 9EAFGV;A<GK Q V;A<GK ?J9KGK
;GEG=DGDXA;GH9DEALGDXA;GDAFG
DXA;GQH9DEYLA;G<A;AGF9DE=FL==K
MF9?J9F>M=FL=<=NAL9EAF9K Q
QEAF=J9D=K;GEGHGL9KAGE9?F=
KAGQ>[K>GJG2@AD=Q=L9D
D9?M9;9L=MK9D9';9JFALAF9H9J9=D
EAKEG>AFIM=DGK9FAE9D=KD9MLADA
R9FD9 βGPA<9;A[F<=D9K?J9K9K
K=NA<=FL=IM==DE=;9FAKEG<=9;
;A[F=F=DE=L9:GDAKEG;=DMD9J<=D9
';9JFALAF9K=HJG<M;=HGJJ=9;;AG
F=K<= =KL=JA>A;9;A[F +GJDGL9FLG
MF9<=K;JAH;A[F<=KMJ=9;LANA<9<Q
K=D=;LANA<9<H=JEALAJV=PLJ9=JAF>GJ
E9;A[FAEHGJL9FL=H9J9;GEHJ=F<=J
KME=;9FAKEG<=J=9;;A[F
 H=K9J IM= K=@9 <=L=JEAF9<G D9
;9FLA<9<<=';9JFALAF9=F9?M9;9L=
HGJN9JA9KLX;FA;9K+9FL=J(M<<
 =E9JIMGQ =L 9D 
!JA=<E9FK=NAGD9F=;=KA<9<
<=J=HGJL9JD9;9FLA<9<=F;GFLJ9<9
=F<GK<=D9KN9JA=<9<=KEVK;GFKM
EA<9K =F =D H9YK HGJ D9 LX;FA;9
011AK<=EVKHG;GK=@9=PHDG
J9<G=F=D;9EHG<=D9<=K;JAH;A[F
>AKA;GIMYEA;9<=D9EGDX;MD9HGJDG
;M9D=DMKG<=LX;FA;9K;GEHML9;AG
F9D=K=AFKLJME=FL9D=KH=JEALA[G:
L=F=J AF>GJE9;A[F KG:J= DGK KALAGK
J=9;LANGK<=D9EGDX;MD9Q=DE=;9
FAKEG<=J=9;;A[F=FJ=9;;AGF=K<=
=KL=JA>A;9;A[FKAK=LGE9;GEG=B=E
HDG=F=KL=;9KGD9<=9;=LAD9;A[F
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 118
L=J;9E:AGA[FA;G;GFMF9;GDMEF9
<= E:=JDAL= $- =F D9 >9K= <=
KG<AGJ=?MD9<99MFH#<=!JA=<
E9F
Cuantificación de L-carnitina
'M=?G<=D9HMJA>A;9;A[FD9EM=KLJ9
K=D9K=;[9:9ZGE9JY9QHGKL=JAGJ
E=FL=K=HJG;=<A[9LJ9L9J;GF=L9
FGD 9:KGDMLG Q V;A<G ;DGJ@Y<JA;G
;GF;=FLJ9<G+9J9D9<=JAN9LA
R9;A[FK=9?J=?[MF9 KGDM;A[F <=
:JGEG>=FGDHN=F>GK>9LG
V;A<G<=HGL9KAG9D.=D9N[;GF
<A;DGJG=L9FG;GFMFNN<=9D;G
@GDAKG9EYDA;GQK=9?AL['9>9K=KM
H=JAGJ K= LJ9KN9K[ 9 MF9 ;=D<9
=KH=;LJG>GLGEXLJA;9<=;M9JRG<=
;E.=HJ=H9J[MF:D9F;GE=<A9FL=
=DHJG;=<AEA=FLG<=K;JALGH=JGKAF
EM=KLJ9.=D=Q[D99:KGJ:9F;A9<=D
:D9F;GQ<=D9EM=KLJ99FE=F
MF =KH=;LJG>GL[E=LJG 0N1AK "=
F=KQK1AK!AF9DE=FL= K=<=L=J
EAF[D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[FE=<A9FL=MF9
;MJN9<=;9DA:J9;A[F J=9DAR9<9 ;GF
MF=KLVF<9J<=';9JFALAF9(=J;C=F
=L9FGD9:KGDMLG!JA=<E9F
Determinación de la cinética de ace-
tilación de L-carnitina
.=MLADAR[@A<JG;DGJMJG<=';9JFALAF9
 .A?E9D<JA;@ Q ;DGJMJG <=
9;=LADG;GEGJ=9;LANGK=FMFE=<AG
<=V;A<G9;XLA;GJ=F<=DJ=KKD=J
5A=?D=J=L9D.=9HDA;[
=DEXLG<G<=D9KN=DG;A<9<=KAFA;A9
D=KH9J9D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=D9D=Q<=
N=DG;A<9<+9J9=KLGK=M:A;9JGFD9K
:9F<9K;9J9;L=JYKLA;9K<=DGKJ=9;LA
NGK9D;GJJ=JDGK=KH=;LJGKAF>J9JJGBGK
<=DGK=KLVF<9J=K<=DGKJ=9;LANGK<=D
E=<AGJ=9;L9FL=Q<=DGKHJG<M;LGK
'M=?GK=HJG;=<A[9J=9DAR9J;MJN9K
<= ;9DA:J9;A[F <= DGK J=9;LANGK =F
V;A<G9;XLA;G
.= HJ=H9J9JGF N9JA9KKGDM;AGF=K<=
DGKJ=9;LANGK=FV;A<G9;XLA;G?D9;A9D
H9J9K=?MAJ=DEXLG<G<=9AKD9EA=FLG
H9J9D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=D9N=DG;A
<9<AFA;A9D ;M9;A[F+9J9<=L=J
EAF9J =D GJ<=F <= J=9;;A[F <=D
;DGJMJG<=9;=LADGK=E9FLMNG;GFK
L9FL=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F<=@A<JG;DG
JMJG <= ';9JFALAF9 ( Q K=
HJ=H9J9JGF;M9LJGKGDM;AGF=K<=;DG
JMJG<=9;=LADG=FMFJ9F?G<=;GF
;=FLJ9;A[F<= 9 ( F D9
<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=DGJ<=F<=J=9;;A[F
<=D @A<JG;DGJMJG <= ';9JFALAF9 K=
119
EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
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)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 119
E9FLMNG;GFKL9FL=D9;GF;=FLJ9;A[F
<= ;DGJMJG<=9;=LADG(QK=
HJ=H9J9JGF;M9LJGKGDM;AGF=K<=@A
<JG;DGJMJG<=';9JFALAF9=F;GF;=F
LJ9;AGF=K<=9(.=
G:LMNA=JGFDGK[J<=F=K<=J=9;;A[F
H9J9;9<9J=9;LANGHGJ=DEXLG<G?JV
>A;G<=K;JALG=FD9 ;M9;A[FQD9
;GFKL9FL=<=N=DG;A<9< <=D9J=9;
;A[F<=9;M=J<G;GFD9 ;M9;A[F
LCAFK=+9MD9
Modelamiento computacional
.= MLADAR[ =D KG>LO9J= "9MKKA9F
!JAK;@=L9D;GF=D;M9DK=
GHLAEAR9JGFD9K?=GE=LJY9KEGD=;M
D9J=KK=;9D;MD9JGFD9K=F=J?Y9K<=
KAF?D=HGAFLQDGKN9DGJ=K<=D9K=F=J
?Y9K<=DGKGJ:AL9D=KEGD=;MD9J=K<=
>JGFL=J9+9J9D9GHLAEAR9;A[FK=MK[
=DEXLG<G'4+QD9:9K="
<H+9J9D9K=KLJM;LMJ9KEVK=KL9:D=K
K=G:LMNGD9=F=J?Y9<=KAF?D=HGAFL
;GF=DEXLG<G#!Q:9K="GF
=KL=EXLG<GK=G:LMNA=JGFD9K=F=J
?Y9K<=DGKGJ:AL9D=KEGD=;MD9J=K<=
>JGFL=J9H9J9=D;VD;MDG<=DGKYF<A
;=K<=J=9;LANA<9<;GEGKGFD9FM
;D=G>ADA99H9JLAJ<=D9 ;M9;A[FQD9
=D=;LJG>ADA9;GFD9 ;M9;A[F
<GF<==K=DN9DGJ<=D9
=F=J?Y9<=DGJ:AL9D
#*(*
<=DFM;D=[
>ADGQ=DN9DGJH9J9=D
#*(* <=D L=LJ9;A9FG=LAD=FG/ 
GEAF?G=L9D
<GF<= HGL=F;A9D IMYEA;G=KJ=HJ=
K=FL9<GHGJeQD9<MJ=R9IMYEA;9
HGJη +9JJ=L9D
+9J9=D=KLM<AG<=K=D=;LANA<9<K=MK[
=D;GE9F<G.+$*+.!
/$"#/+*+!0''H9J9G:L=F=JD9K
>MF;AGF=K<=!MCMAH9J9D9<=L=JEA
F9;A[F<=DGKYF<A;=K<=FM;D=G>ADA9Q
=D=;LJG>ADA9DG;9D=KHGJE=<AG<=D9K
;M9;AGF=KQ.=J=HALA[=DHJG;=
<AEA=FLG H9J9 D9 J=9;;A[F =F >9K=
9;MGK9;GF=D;GE9F<G.-!KGD
N=FLO9L=J
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
120
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 120
121
EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
Persea americana
)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
<GF<==KD9>MF;A[F=D=;LJG>YDA;9
<=!MCMAQD9>MF;A[FFM;D=G>YDA;9
ωD9=D=;LJG>ADA9Q)FM;D=G>ADA9G
EAF?G =L 9D  +XJ=R =L 9D

.=J=9DAR[=D9FVDAKAKL=JEG<AFVEA;G
=F>9K=?9K=GK9Q9;MGK9;GF=D;VD
;MDG <= D9 =FL9DHY9 <= D9 J=9;;A[F
ΔJ#HGJE=<AG<=D9 ;M9;A[F
LCAFK=+9MD9
GJ]DLAEGK==F;GFLJ[=D=KL9<G<=
LJ9FKA;A[FH9J9D99;=LAD9;A[F<='
;9JFALAF9;GFD9KEAKE9K=KH=;A>A;9
;AGF=K 9FL=K E=F;AGF9<9K Q D9
AF;DMKA[F <=D C=QOGJ</. Q =D ;G
E9F<G>J=IH9J9=D ;VD;MDG<=>J=
;M=F;A9KD=F;GFLJ9JMF9>J=;M=F
;A9AE9?AF9JA9K=<=L=JEAF9KAK=@9
=F;GFLJ9<GMF=KL9<G<=LJ9FKA;A[F
.=J=9DAR[MF$-;GGJ<=F9<9AFLJYF
K=;9<=J=9;;A[F<=D=KL9<G<=LJ9F
KA;A[F H9J9 9K=?MJ9J IM= K= @9
=F;GFLJ9<G =D =KL9<G <= LJ9FKA;A[F
H9J9D9J=9;;A[F=KLM<A9<9.=<=L=J
EAF[D9 F=J?Y9<=;LAN9;A[F9
E=<A9FL=D9<A>=J=F;A9<=D9K=F=J?Y9K
=FLJ==D=KL9<G<=LJ9FKA;A[FQDGKJ=
9;LANGK ;M9;A[F  LCAFK  =
+9MD9
RESULTADOS
Cuantificación de L-carnitina
'9';9JFALAF9;M9FLA>A;9<9E=<A9FL=
=KH=;LJG>GLGE=LJY9011AK>M=<=
μ??<=>JMLG>J=K;GH9J9D9N9JA=<9<
!M=JL=EA=FLJ9KIM=H9J9D9N9JA=<9<
GGL@>M=<= μ??'9HJ=;AKA[F
>M=E=<A<99LJ9NXK<=D9<=KNA9;A[F
=KLVF<9J J=D9LAN9 KJ 9D ;GEH9J9J
;GF=DN9DGJG:L=FA<GE=<A9FL=EX
LG<GKJ9<AGAKGL[HA;GKIM=J=HGJL9MF
;GFL=FA<G<=μ??=E9JIMGQ
=L9D+9J9D9N9JA=<9<!M=JL=
D9KJ>M=<=DEA=FLJ9KIM=H9J9
D9<=GGL@>M=<=
Determinación de la cinética de
reac ción de acetilación
+9J9D9<=L=JEAF9;A[F<=D9;GF;=F
LJ9;A[F<=DGKJ=9;LANGKK==K;G?A=
JGFD9KKA?MA=FL=K:9F<9K;DGJMJG<=
9;=LADG;E
i
@A<JG;DGJMJG
<=';9JFALAF9;E
i
.=;9D
;MD9JGFD9KN=DG;A<9<=K AFA;A9D=K 9
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D9K<AKLAFL9K;GF;=FLJ9;AGF=KEGD9J=K
QK=?J9>A;9JGFKMKDG?9JALEGK<=:9K=
!A?MJ9KQH9J9G:L=F=JDGK
[J<=F=K<=J=9;;A[FH9J9;9<9J=9;
LANG9H9JLAJ<=D9H=F<A=FL=<=D9?JV
>A;9
+9J9;9<9MFG<=DGKJ=9;LANGKK=G:
LMNGMFGJ<=F<=J=9;;A[F<=MFGD9
J=9;;A[F=K<=GJ<=F?DG:9D<GK;GF
MF9D=Q<=N=DG;A<9<<=>AFA<9HGJ
Figura 2. Determinación del orden de reacción para el hidrocloruro de L carnitina
Figura 3. Determinación del orden de reacción para el cloruro de acetilo
<A;AGF9DE=FL=K=;9D;MD[D9;GFK
L9FL=<=N=DG;A<9<;GFD9 ;M9;A[F
9DHJGE=<A9JLG<GKDGKN9DGJ=KDG?J9
<GKH9J9D9K<A>=J=FL=K;GF;=FLJ9;AG
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EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
Persea americana
)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
F=K<= DGK J=9;LANGK K= G:LMNG MF9
;GFKL9FL= <= P
i
'EGDmK 9
d&
Modelamiento computacional
D9F9DAR9JD9?=GE=LJY9<=D9';9J
FALAF9K=HM<G;GF>AJE9JIM==PAKL=F
<GK;GF>GJE9;AGF=K=KH9;A9D=K-G
K9K"9J;Y9MF9HD=?9<9QGLJ9
=PL=F<A<9IM=K=HM=<=FG:K=JN9J=F
D9/9:D9;GFKMJ=KH=;LAN9=F=J?Y9
.=G:LMNA=JGFDGKYF<A;=K<=J=9;LANA
<9<<=D9K<GK;GF>GJE9;AGF=K=KH9
;A9D=K9LJ9NXK<=D9K ;M9;AGF=KQ
 H9J9D9 FM;D=G>ADA9Q=D=;LJG>ADA9
J=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
'9';9JFALAF9<=;GF>GJE9;A[FHD=
?9<9LA=F=MF9FM;D=G>ADA9<=
=1 EA=FLJ9K IM= D9 =PL=F<A<9 <=
=1<=EVKD9=D=;LJG>ADA9<=
D9 ;GF>GJE9;A[F HD=?9<9 =K <=
=1Q<=D9=PL=F<A<9=K<=
=1
<A;AGF9DE=FL=K=;9D;MD9JGFDGKYF
<A;=K<=K=D=;LANA<9<<=D9';9JFALAF9
<= ;GF>GJE9;A[F HD=?9<9 ;GF D9K
;M9;AGF=KQH9J9D9=D=;LJG>ADA9
QFM;D=G>ADA9DG;9D=KJ=KH=;LAN9E=FL=
QK=G:LMNA=JGFDGKJ=KMDL9<GKIM=K=
HJ=K=FL9F=FD9/9:D9
Tabla 1. Energías para las conformaciones espaciales de la L-carnitina
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Tabla 2. Índices de selectividad para la conformación plegada de la L-carnitina
+9J9=D=KLM<AGL=JEG<AFVEA;G<=D9
J=9;;A[FK=J=9DAR[MF9FVDAKAK;GE
H9J9LANG<=D9KEGDX;MD9K=F>9K=?9
K=GK9Q9;MGK9/9:D9
Tabla 3. Energías de reactivos y
productos de la reacción de acetilación
del hidrocloruro de L-carnitina
en fase gaseosa y acuosa
Reactivos
Hidrocloruro de Cloruro de acetilo
L carnitina
Fase Gaseosa: Fase Gaseosa:
–638294.2 kcal –384989.6 kcal
Fase Acuosa: Fase Acuosa:
–638332.4 kcal –384993.0 kcal
Productos
Hidrocloruro de
acetil-O-L-carnitina
Ácido clorhídrico
Fase gaseosa: Fase gaseosa:
–734114.4 kcal –289177.6 kcal
Fase acuosa: Fase acuosa:
–734146.3 kcal –289183.1 kcal
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EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
Persea americana
)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
Tabla 5. Nucleofilia local para el hidrocloruro de L-carnitina
.=;9D;MD9JGFD9K=FL9DHY9K<=J=9;
;A[F=FDGK<GKE=<AGKE=<A9FL=D9
;M9;A[F;GFDGK<9LGK<=D9/9:D9
 F>9K=?9K=GK9D9J=9;;A[FLA=F=
MF9=FL9DHY9<=iC;9DEGDQ=F
>9K=9;MGK9<=iC;9DEGD
!AF9DE=FL=K=9F9DAR9JGFD9J=9;LANA
<9<QD9K=D=;LANA<9<<=D9KEGDX;MD9K
IM=H9JLA;AH9F=FD9J=9;;A[F<=9;=
LAD9;A[F@A<JG;DGJMJG<=';9JFALAF9
Q;DGJMJG<=9;=LADG/9:D9KQ
Tabla 4. Índices de reactividad
para el hidrocloruro de L-carnitina
y el cloruro de acetilo
Fase Fase
g
aseosa acuosa
Hidrocloruro Nucleofilia
de L-carnitina (N) (eV) 0.0325 0.0165
Cloruro Electrofilia 0.6676 0.6661
de acetilo (ω) (eV)
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Tabla 6. Electrofilia local para el cloruro de acetilo
Tabla 7. Estructura y energía del estado de transición
de la reacción de acetilación en fase gaseosa y acuosa
.==F;GFLJ[=D=KL9<G<=LJ9FKA;A[F<=
D9J=9;;A[F=F>9K=?9K=GK9Q9;MGK9
QK==KL9:D=;A[D9=F=J?Y9<=9;LAN9
;A[FE=<A9FL=D9 ;/9:D9
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127
EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
Persea americana
)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
DISCUSIÓN
Extracción y cuantificación de L-car-
nitina
KF=;=K9JA9D9<=KHJGL=FAR9;A[F<=D
=PLJ9;LG9D;G@[DA;G<=:A<G9KM9DLG
;GFL=FA<G <= @AKLA<AF9 E??
<=>JMLG>J=K;G9D9:J=K=IM=
HJG<M;=MF;GEHD=BG;GDGJ=9<G<=
D9EAKE9AFL=FKA<9<IM=D9'i;9JFALA
F9DG@9;=;GF=D9RMD<=:JGEG>=FGD
!JA=<E9F  <A;AGF9DE=FL=
=PAKL=FGLJ9K<GKAFL=J>=J=F;A9KD9;G
DAF9QD9:=L9YF9'9;GDAF9K==DAEAF9
HGJE=<AG<=MF9;GDMEF9E:=JDAL=
$-9EGJLA?M9<99MFH#<GF<=
K=<99<KGJ;A[F<=D9';9JFALAF9Q=DA
EAF9;A[F<=D9;GDAF9+9J9D9:=L9
YF9K=<=:=J=KH=L9JQE9FL=F=JD9
9<A;A[F<=DGKJ=9;LANGK<=<=JAN9LAR9
;A[F!JA=<E9F
D;GEHD=BG;GDGJ=9<G>GJE9<G=FLJ=
D9'i;9JFALAF9Q=D9RMD<=:JGEG>=
FGDH9J9D9E=<A;A[F;GDGJAEXLJA;9
K=HJG<M;=;M9F<G=D9RMD<=:JGEG
>=FGD9;L]9;GEGMF9H9J=9<GJ<=
AGF=K=DK@JQ=L9DQD9'
;9JFALF9;GEGMF9KMKL9F;A9FM;D=G
>YDA;9%MFLGK>GJE9FMFA[F;GEHD=BG
H9JIM==K=PLJ9Y:D=;GFMFKGDN=FL=
FGHGD9J
'9K <A>=J=F;A9K =PAKL=FL=K =FLJ= DGK
<9LGKG:L=FA<GKH9J9D9;9FLA<9<<=
';9JFALAF9=FD9K<GKN9JA=<9<=K<=
9?M9;9L=;GF=DN9DGJL9:MD9<G K=
HM=<=F=PHDA;9JHGJ=DLAHG<=9?M9
;9L=MK9<G9<=EVK<==JJGJ=KAF@=
J=FL=K9DHJG;=KG9F9DYLA;G<=;9JV;
L=J9D=9LGJAGQKAKL=EVLA;G
Determinación de la cinética de re-
acción de acetilación de L-carnitina
0F9<=D9K<A>A;MDL9<=KH9J9D99;=LA
D9;A[F<=D9';9JFALAF9=KKMAFKGDM
:ADA<9< HGJ DG ;M9D K= J=IMA=J=
KA=EHJ=<=MF=P;=KG<=9?=FL=9;A
D9FL==D;DGJMJG<=9;=LADGJ=F<=D
J=KKD=J'9J=9;LANA<9<<=D
V;A<G9;XLA;G=KE=FGJ;GEH9J9<99
D9<=D;DGJMJG<=9;=LADG F=D;DGJMJG
<=9;=LADG=D?JMHGK9DA=FL==K=DA[F
;DGJMJGIM==KMF9:9K==PLJ=E9<9
E=FL=<X:ADDG;M9DDG@9;=MF=P;=
D=FL=?JMHGK9DA=FL=.LJ9;C'GJ=FR
=:A<G9D9E9QGJHGD9JA<9<
<=DV;A<G9;XLA;G=K=DKGDN=FL=EVK
9<=;M9<GH9J9D9J=9;;A[F
GFJ=KH=;LG9D9D=Q<=N=DG;A<9<<=
9;=LAD9;A[F =D GJ<=F <= J=9;;A[F
H9J99E:GKJ=9;LANGK=K<=MFG DJ=
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KMDL9<G;GF;M=J<9;GFD9J=9;;A[F<=
=KL=JA>A;9;A[FIM=MK9MF;DGJMJG<=
9;=LADG Q MF9D;G@GD"=FF9<AA =L
9D/9E:AXF<=9;M=J<G;GF
=DE=;9FAKEG<=J=9;;A[F<==KL=JA
>A;9;A[FHJGHM=KLG KIM=E9DGK
<GKJ=9;LANGKKGF<=GJ<=FMFG.=
HJG<M;= MF HJAE=J H9KG <GF<= K=
>GJE9MF=KL9<G<=LJ9FKA;A[FL=LJ9X
<JA;GIM==KK=?MA<GHGJD9=DAEAF9
;A[F<=DHJGL[FQ<=DAGF;DGJGQHGJ
MFJ=GJ<=F9EA=FLG<=DGK=D=;LJGF=K
<=D ;9J:GFG ;9J:GFYDA;G JGOF
.GDGEGFK!JQ@D=
Esquema 1. Mecanismo de esterificación
<=EVKFG=PAKL=F=KLM<AGK;GEH9
J9:D=KH9J9N9DA<9J=DN9DGJ<=D9N=
DG;A<9< <= J=9;;A[F '9 EAKE9
<=H=F<= <= E=;9FAKEGK <= J=9;
;A[FHGD9JA<9<F9LMJ9D=R9<=DKGD
N=FL= L=EH=J9LMJ9 =FLJ= GLJGK
>9;LGJ=K
Modelamiento computacional
'9=KLJM;LMJ9=KH9;A9DEVK=KL9:D=<=
D9'i;9JFALAF9=F>9K=?9K=GK9=KD9
HD=?9<9<=:A<G9D99LJ9;;A[F;GM
D[E:A;9=FLJ==D ?JMHG ;9J:GPYDA;G
F=?9LANGQ=D?JMHG9EAFGHGKALANG
KL9 ;GF>A?MJ9;A[F <AKEAFMQ= =D
=>=;LG=KLXJA;G=FLJ=DGK<GK?JMHGK
>MF;AGF9D=KHGJDG;M9D=KMF9EGDX
;MD99DL9E=FL=FM;D=G>YDA;9
#9Q <GK DM?9J=K IM= =P@A:=F =D
E9QGJN9DGJ<==D=;LJG>ADA9DGKVLG
EGK)Q DVLGEG)HGK==
MF9<=>A;A=F;A9<==D=;LJGF=K9D;GE
H9JLAJKMK=D=;LJGF=K;GF;M9LJG;9J
:GFGK 9<Q9;=FL=K (A=FLJ9K IM==D
VLGEGK=N=HGD9JAR9<G<=:A<G9
D9=PAKL=F;A9<=?JMHGKHGD9J=K9KMK
=PLJ=EGK KL9J=?AGK=D=;LANA<9<L9E
:AXFAF>DMQ==FDGKDM?9J=K<=D9EG
DX;MD9 =F <GF<= K= ;GF;=FLJ9 D9
;9J?99KY=F=DKALAG<GF<=K=<9D9
E9QGJ=D=;LJG>ADA9D9EGDX;MD9LA=F=
;9J?9HGKALAN9EA=FLJ9K<GF<=HGK==
D9E9QGJFM;D=G>ADA9MF9;9J?9F=?9
LAN9
H=K9JIM==FD9E9QGJY9<=J=9;
;AGF=K FG K= HJG<M;=F <A>=J=F;A9K
FGL9:D=K=FLJ=D9KJ=9;;AGF=K=F>9K=
?9K=GK9Q=FKGDM;A[F=KL9K=PAKL=F
KA=DE=<AG=F=D;M9DG;MJJ=F=PH=
JAE=FL9DE=FL==K=FKGDM;A[F(GGJ=
+=9JKGFKYD9KHJGHA=<9
<=K<=DKGDN=FL=KGFAEHGJL9FL=K9D
<=L=JEAF9JD9K=F=J?Y9K<=DGKJ=9;LA
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infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 128
NGKQHJG<M;LGK9J=Q.MF<:=J?
 '9K <A>=J=F;A9K =PAKL=FL=K
=FLJ=DGK<GKE=<AGK<=J=9;;A[F<=
9;=LAD9;A[FK=<=:=F9D9K<AKLAFL9K
AFL=J9;;AGF=K F>9K=9;MGK9K=<=:=
LGE9J=F;M=FL9D9=PAKL=F;A9<=>M=J
R9K AFL=JEGD=;MD9J=K EA=FLJ9K IM=
D9KEGDX;MD9KIM=K==F;M=FLJ9F=F
>9K=?9K=GK9=KLVF=FMF9J=?A[F<=
:9B9=F=J?Y9HGL=F;A9D;GEGJ=KMD
L9<G<=D9:9B9>M=JR9<=9LJ9;;A[F
IM=D9KEGDX;MD9K9<Q9;=FL=KHJG<M
;=F=F=DD9KD9F9DAR9JD9K=F=J?Y9K
<=D9KEGDX;MD9KH9JLA;AH9FL=K<=D9
J=9;;A[F<=9;=LAD9;A[FK=HM=<=N=J
IM=KGFEVK=KL9:D=K=F>9K=9;MGK9
IM==F?9K=GK9.=HM=<=9KMEAJIM=
=FKGDM;A[FD9KEGDX;MD9KLA=F<=F9
=KL9:ADAR9JK=<=:A<G9D9KAFL=J9;;AG
F=K;GF=DKGDN=FL=HJAF;AH9DE=FL=
=D=;LJGKLVLA;9K
DJ=>=JAJFGK9D9/9:D9K=HM=<=
G:K=JN9JIM==F>9K=9;MGK9D9FM
;D=G>ADA9<=D@A<JG;DGJMJG<=';9JFA
LAF9<AKEAFMQ==FMFQ9IM==D
9?M9 =K MF KGDN=FL= HGD9J HJ[LA;G
IM==PH=JAE=FL9HM=FL=K<=@A<J[
?=FG;GF=DKGDMLGHGJDG;M9D<AKEA
FMQ=D9@9:ADA<9<<=<GF9J=D=;LJG
F=KJGOFD;GFLJ9JAG=D
;DGJMJG <= 9;=LADG MK9<G =K MF DA
?9F<G F=MLJG IM= HGK== MF :9BG
FAN=D<=KGDN9L9;A[FHGJDG;M9D=D
=>=;LGIM=HGK===DKGDN=FL=KG:J=KM
J=9;LANA<9<=KEYFAEG
D9F9DAR9JD9K=D=;LANA<9<<=D9';9J
FALAF9 =F D9 /9:D9  K= N= IM= D9
E9QGJFM;D=G>ADA9K= DG;9DAR9=F=D
VLGEG<=;DGJGE9K=KL=FG>GJE9
H9JL=<=D9EGDX;MD9<=:A<G9IM=FG
=KLVMFA<G9D=KIM=D=LGE=<A9FL=MF
=FD9;=IMYEA;G.=HM=<=N=JIM=D9
E9QGJ;9FLA<9<<=FM;D=G>ADA9=F>9K=
?9K=GK9K=M:A;9=F=DVLGEG
<=:A<G9IM=K==F;M=FLJ9DA?9<G9D
FALJ[?=FGIM==K9DL9E=FL==D=;LJ[
>ADGDG;M9DHJGNG;9MF>=F[E=FG<=
HGD9JAR9;A[FH=K9JIM==KL=;9J
:GFG=K=IMAN9D=FL=9DQ9D=D
E9QGJ N9DGJ <= FM;D=G>ADA9 K= HJG
<M;=HGJD9E=FGJ<AKL9F;A9<==F
D9;==FLJ=Q)D9F9DAR9J=D
VLGEG*=DH9JLA;AH9FL==FD9J=
9;;A[F<=9;=LAD9;A[FK=G:K=JN9IM=
HGK==MF;9JV;L=JFM;D=G>YDA;GEG<=
J9<G<=:A<G9D9=KL9:ADAR9;A[FIM=
D=HJGN===D@A<J[?=FG
F=D;9KG<=D;DGJMJG<=9;=LADGK=
G:K=JN9=FD9/9:D9IM==DVLGEG
=K=DJ=;=HLGJ<=D9L9IM=FM;D=G>Y
DA;GHGJDG;M9D=P@A:=DGKE9QGJ=KN9
DGJ=K<==D=;LJG>ADA9=FDGK<GKE=<AGK
<=J=9;;A[F#9QMF9:9B9<AKEAFM
129
EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
Persea americana
)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
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infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
130
CONCLUSIONES
.=;M9FLA>A;[';9JFALAF9=F<GKN9
JA=<9<=K<=9?M9;9L=;GFN9DGJ=K<=
μ??H9J9D9N9JA=<9<GGL@Q
μ??H9J9D9!M=JL= D;GFL=FA<G
<=';9JFALAF9HM=<=<=H=F<=J<=D9
N9JA=<9<<=9?M9;9L=
'9';9JFALAF9=KMF9EGDX;MD9FM
;D=G>YDA;9IM=H9JLA;AH9=FJ=9;;AG
F=K<==KL=JA>A;9;A[F=F=DE=L9:G
DAKEG<=D9K?J9K9K<=D9?M9;9L=
'9J=9;;A[F<=9;=LAD9;A[F<=D@A<JG
;DGJMJG<=';9JFALAF9;GF;DGJMJG<=
9;=LADG =K <= GJ<=F <GK MFG H9J9
;9<9J=9;LANG;GFMF9;GFKL9FL=<=
N=DG;A<9< 9 d& <= P

'EGDmK
;A[F=FD9=D=;LJG>ADA9DG;9D=FE=<AG
9;MGKG;GFJ=KH=;LG9D?9K=GKG
DE=;9FAKEG<==KL=JA>A;9;A[F;G
EA=FR9;GF=D9L9IM=FM;D=G>YDA;G9D
;9J:GFG;9J:GFYDA;G9IMY=DFM;D=
[>ADGHGK==MFH9J<==D=;LJGF=K<=K
9H9J=9<GK=FMFVLGEG<=GPY?=FG
F=MLJGIM=;GJJ=KHGF<=9DGPY?=FG
<=D?JMHGGPA<JADG<=D@A<JG;DGJMJG
<=';9JFALAF9 F=D;GEHD=BG9;LA
N9<GG;MJJ=MF9JVHA<9LJ9FKA;A[F<=
HJGL[F#
9D*
i
HGJDG;M9D=D;9J
:GFG;9J:GFYDA;G;9E:A9KM@A:JA<9
;A[F <= KH
9 KH
Q 9<GHL9 MF9
;GF>A?MJ9;A[FL=LJ9X<JA;9EGE=FLV
F=9JGOF D9L9IM=K=>9NG
J=;= HGJ D9 >9;ADA<9< =KLXJA;9 <=D
;9J:GFG ;9J:GFYDA;GQD9@9:ADA<9<
<=DGPY?=FG;9J:GFYDA;G<=J=9;GEG
<9JMFH9J<=KMK=D=;LJGF=KM:A;9<GK
=F=D=FD9;=<G:D=<=D;9J:GFGGPY
?=FG.=?MA<G<==KLGK=HJG<M;=D9
=DAEAF9;A[F <=D V;A<G ;DGJ@Y<JA;G
IM=J=?=F=J9=D<G:D==FD9;==FLJ==D
;9J:GFG;9J:GFYDA;GQ=DGPY?=FGQ
<9;GEGJ=KMDL9<GMFHJG<M;LG<=
KMKLALM;A[F=D@A<JG;DGJMJG<=9;=LAD
*i'i;9JFALAF9
'9=F=J?Y9<=9;LAN9;A[F=F;GFLJ9<9
H9J9 D9 J=9;;A[F <= 9;=LAD9;A[F =F
>9K=?9K=GK9=KE9QGJ=F9HJGPAE9
<9E=FL=C;9DEGD;GFJ=D9;A[F9D9
>9K= 9;MGK9 KL9 <A>=J=F;A9 ;GF
;M=J<9;GFD9=KL9:ADAR9;A[F<=D=K
L9<G <= LJ9FKA;A[F HGJ H9JL= <=D
KGDN=FL=HJAF;AH9DE=FL=HGJAFL=J9;
;AGF=K=D=;LJGKLVLA;9K
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131
EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE (
Persea americana
)
MEDIANTE TÉCNICAS INSTRUMENTALES Y COMPUTACIONALES
'GKKALAGKJ=9;LANGKL9FLG<=D@A<JG;DG
JMJG<=';9JFALAF9;GEG<=D;DGJMJG
<=9;=LADG;GAF;A<=F;GF=D;GFG;A
EA=FLGIMYEA;G<==KL=LAHG<=EG
DX;MD9K Q =KLV <= 9;M=J<G ;GF =D
E=;9FAKEGHJGHM=KLGH9J9D9KJ=9;
;AGF=K<=9;=LAD9;A[F
'9K=FL9DHY9K<=9;=LAD9;A[F;9D;MD9
<9KH9J9=D@A<JG;DGJMJG<=';9JFA
LAF9 =F >9K= ?9K=GK9 Q 9;MGK9 KGF
iC;9DEGDiC;9DEGDJ=KH=;
LAN9E=FL=
.=<=L=JEAF[IM=D9=F=J?Y9<=9;LA
N9;A[F<=D99;=LAD9;A[F<=D@A<JG;DG
JMJG <= ';9JFALAF9 =K <= 
C;9DEGD =F >9K= ?9K=GK9 Q 
C;9DEGD =F >9K= 9;MGK9 9D L=F=J
;GEG=KL9<G<=LJ9FKA;A[F MF9 =K
LJM;LMJ9L=LJ9X<JA;9
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 131
infoANALÍTICA
Noviembre 2013
132132
LITERATURA CITADA
LCAFK+=+9MD9%Physical
Chemistry 9=< )=O 4GJC
0.
J=F<=D&J=KKD=J-/@=-=
KGDMLAGF G> d9JFALAF= 9F< L@=
.QFL@=KAKG>;QD;9JFALAF=KAG;@A
EA;9=LAGH@QKA;9;L9

JGOF  -=NAKAGF )GL=K +-/ 
.MEE9JQG>GJ?9FA;J=9;LAGFE=
;@9FAKEKE=;@9FAKLA;AFLJG<M;
LAGF LG GJ?9FA; ;@=EAKLJQ 9F<
=PHD9F9LAGFK G> <A>>=J=FL LQH=K G>
GJ?9FA;J=9;LAGFK@LLHOOO<G;
:JGOFAF>GH9?=*J?(=;@K@L
E=KL=JA>A;9LAGF<=9?GKLG<=

9D9:J=K=!El Aguacate(9<JA<
KH9Z9
9J=Q!.MF<:=J?- Advan-
ced Organic Chemistry: Structure
and mechanisms 9=< )=O
4GJC0.
=E9JIMGQ%"=GJ?=K-A?9MDL
-GQ=J(D9AJ=L.GLQ(
'=CGMFGMF?GM.'=GJ?F=!
 -9<AGAKGLGHA; <=L=JEAF9
LAGFG>';9JFALAF=;GFL=FLAF>GG<K
;GEEGFDQ=9L=FAFO=KL=JF;GMF
LJA=KFood Chemistry
GEAF?G'MJ=DD(+XJ=R+GF
LJ=J9K-,M9FLAL9LAN=@9
J9;L=JAR9LAGFG>L@='G;9D D=;LJG
H@ADA;ALQG>*J?9FA;(GD=;MD=K0F
<=JKL9F<AF?L@=-=?AGK=D=;LANALQGF
A=DK D<=J -=9;LAGFK Journal of
Physical Chemistry

GEAF?G'@9EGJJG +XJ=R+
0F<=JKL9F<AF?L@=-=9;LA
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EXTRACCIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE L-CARNITINA EN AGUACATE
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infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 133
infoQUIMICA FINAL:Maquetación 1 22/11/13 8:55 Página 134