NANOTECNOLOGÍA APLICADA EN MATERIALES REFRACTARIOS: UNA REVISIÓN
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Los materiales refractarios son de gran importancia para la humanidad, debido a su capacidad de resistir altas temperaturas. Son empleados en la industria del cemento, cerámica, vidrio, metalúrgica, siderúrgica y petroquímica. La mayor preocupación a nivel industrial, es que los materiales refractarios son sometidos a varios mecanismos de desgaste durante el proceso de producción, tales como: ataque químico, mecánico, termomecánico y carga térmica. Si el material no cuenta con las propiedades adecuadas, su durabilidad se verá afectada, y por ende los costos de producción. En este sentido la combinación de los nanomateriales, se convierte en una importante alternativa para mejorar las propiedades de los materiales refractarios, proporcionándoles mejor densidad, baja porosidad, resistencia a la erosión, baja conductividad térmica, entre otras. El presente artículo realiza una revisión de varios trabajos de investigación, acerca de la evolución de los nanomateriales aplicados a los materiales refractarios, entre los que se mencionan el uso de grafeno, dióxido de titanio, óxido férrico, magnesia, zirconia, alúmina y sílice, para mejorar las propiedades físicas de los materiales refractarios. De manera general, los estudios demuestran que el uso de los nanomateriales, provee a los materiales refractarios mejores propiedades, en rangos de concentración específicos. Sin embargo, todos los estudios han sido realizados a nivel de laboratorio, por lo que sería promisorio su uso a nivel industrial.
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