BIOCONVERSION OF CRUSTACEAN WASTES BY LACTIC AND MALOLACTIC FERMENTATION TO OBTAIN CHITOSAN
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Abstract
Chitin is a natural polymer that is present in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, arachnids, and insects. In this research, chitin was extracted by bioconversion of shrimp (Farfantepenaeus brevirostris) and crab (Ucides occidentalis) waste by lactic fermentation and malolactic fermentation to subsequently obtain chitosan. To carry out the fermentations, an anaerobic bioreactor was designed, in which the substrates were kept for 2 and 3 weeks. In this process, lactic acid is generated, which is responsible for the demineralization of the crustacean waste. Subsequently, basic hydrolysis was carried out with 5% NaOH for deproteinization of the exoskeletons and bleaching with a 1% NaClO solution. For the process of deacetylation of chitin to chitosan, a microwave coupled to a reflux unit was used as an alternative source of energy at a power of 700 W. The obtained yields of chitin and chitosan were between 28 and 33% respectively and the degrees of chitosan deacetylation between 68 and 77%, the obtained chitosan was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, viscosimetry, optical microscopy and potentiometric titration. Finally, this research opens new alternatives for obtaining chitosan by means of mixed chemical-biological methods that allow giving added value to crustacean wastes and substrates such as whey and fruit juices.
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