Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of avocado (Persea americana) seed extracts against bacteria, phytopathogenic and zoonotic fungi: a literature review
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Abstract
The intensive use of agrochemicals and synthetic antimicrobials has generated negative impacts on human, animal, and environmental health, as well as an increase in microbial resistance. In this context, plant extracts have attracted interest as sustainable alternatives for the control of pathogenic microorganisms. Avocado seed (Persea americana), an underutilized agro-industrial residue, contains various secondary metabolites with potential antimicrobial activity. This article analyzes trends reported in scientific literature regarding the antimicrobial activity of avocado seed extracts against phytopathogenic and zoonotic bacteria and fungi. A documentary review was conducted using specialized databases, selecting representative studies that employ different solvents and analytical methodologies. The results show that extracts obtained with polar solvents, mainly ethanol and methanol, exhibit greater activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, as well as against fungi such as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botrytis cinerea. Antimicrobial activity is generally reported through inhibition zones on the order of several millimeters and inhibitory concentrations in the mg/mL range, although comparability among studies is limited. Overall, the analyzed evidence suggests that avocado seed represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential application in integrated pathogen management strategies in agricultural and agroindustrial systems, highlighting the need for more homogeneous analytical methodologies to strengthen its utilization.
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